NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2T

NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2T
CSAR Class G 0-4-2T

NZASM 32 Tonner rack locomotive no. 992, c. 1895

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Builder	Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Serial number	Esslingen 2642, 2643, 2655 & 2844
Model	NZASM Rack
Build date	1894-1897
Total produced	4

Specifications
Configuration	0-4-2T
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Coupled dia.	38 ⁷⁄₈ in (987 mm)
Trailing dia.	31 ⁷⁄₈ in (810 mm)
Wheelbase	14 ft 1 ⁵⁄₁₆ in (4,301 mm)
• Coupled	8 ft 1 ⁷⁄₁₆ in (2,475 mm)
Length:
• Over couplers	29 ft 6 in (8,992 mm)
Height	12 ft 8 ⁵⁄₃₂ in (3,865 mm)
Frame type	Plate
Axle load	11 LT 7 cwt (11,530 kg)
• 1st coupled	11 LT 6 cwt (11,480 kg)
• 2nd coupled	11 LT 7 cwt (11,530 kg)
• Trailing	7 LT 1 cwt (7,163 kg)
Adhesive weight	22 LT 13 cwt (23,010 kg)
Loco weight	29 LT 14 cwt (30,180 kg) w/o
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	1 LT (1.0 t)
Water cap	550 imp gal (2,500 l)
Firebox type	Round-top
• Firegrate area	14.2 sq ft (1.32 m²)
Boiler:
• Pitch	6 ft 1 ⁷⁄₃₂ in (1,860 mm)
• Diameter	3 ft 8 ¹⁄₄ in (1,124 mm)
• Tube plates	10 ft 6 in (3,200 mm)
• Small tubes	156: 1 ²⁵⁄₃₂ in (45 mm)
Boiler pressure	180 psi (1,241 kPa)
Heating surface	833 sq ft (77.4 m²)
• Tubes	760 sq ft (71 m²)
• Firebox	73 sq ft (6.8 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	18 ²⁹⁄₃₂ in (480 mm) bore 24 ¹³⁄₁₆ in (630 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts
Valve type	Slide
Couplers	Bell link-and-pin

Performance figures
Tractive effort	27,154 lbf (120.79 kN) @ 75%

Career
Operators	NZASM Imperial Military Railways Central South African Railways South African Railways
Class	NZASM 32 Tonner CSAR Class G
Number in class	4
Numbers	991-994
Official name	See table
Delivered	1894-1897
First run	1894

The NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2T of 1894 is a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Transvaal.

In 1894 and 1897, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal Republic) placed four rack tank locomotives with a 0-4-2T wheel arrangement in service on the rack section between Waterval Onder and Waterval Boven. Since the railway classified its locomotives according to their weight, these locomotives were known as the 32 Tonners.^[1]^[2]

Waterval Onder to Waterval Boven

The construction of the railway line from Delagoa Bay to Pretoria was beset with difficulties, both in terms of disease and engineering. Malaria claimed many lives among the construction crews and some of the terrain was mountainous. In the Elandspruit valley, where the river formed a 295-foot high (90 m) waterfall, the adjacent cliffs presented a natural barrier to the continuation of the railway from the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld up to the Transvaal Highveld.^[1]^[2]

In terms of construction, the climb up the escarpment was arguably the most difficult section to be encountered by the railway builders on the route. When the line reached Waterval Onder, they had a choice between a lengthy detour with sharp curves and costly deep cuttings, embankments and viaducts, to comply with the agreed upon gradient of 1 in 50 (2%), or a shorter 4 ¹⁄₂-mile long (7.2 km) section, which would entail a gradient of 1 in 20 (5%) over a distance of 2.1 miles (3.4 kilometres) in one place, as well as a 233-yard long (213 m) tunnel.^[1]^[2]

The shorter and steeper route was selected. While a gradient of 1 in 20 (5%) is not insurmountable by light trains with orthodox adhesion locomotives, safety and economical considerations led to the decision to install a rack track on the section up the escarpment between Waterval Onder and Waterval Boven. The rack track was built to the Riggenbach system which was in use on European mountain railways, with the rack laid between the rails.^[1]^[2]

Riggenbach rack system

The Riggenbach rack system used a ladder rack, formed of steel channels connected by square rungs at regular intervals, to engage the gear wheels of the rack engine. The rungs of the NZASM rack were spaced 4 inches (102 millimetres) apart. To ensure correct meshing of the gears when entering the rack section, engaging pieces of special section, 6 feet 6 ³⁄₄ inches (2,000 millimetres) long and fitted with round-bar rungs, were hinged to each end of the rack, supported by a spiral spring underneath. When the rack engine made contact with the hinged section and the gear wheels did not mesh with the rack correctly, the engaging section would be pressed down until correct meshing was accomplished.^[2]^[3]

Manufacturer

The line from Delagoa Bay and up the escarpment to Waterval Boven was completed on 20 June 1894. To work on the rack section, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM) ordered three 0-4-2T rack tank locomotives from Emil Kessler’s Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. The three locomotives were delivered in 1894, numbered in the range from 991 to 993. A fourth locomotive, no. 994, was ordered in 1897 and was identical to the other three, except that it had a coal bunker and water tanks with larger capacities, which made it heavier. Since the NZASM classified its locomotives according to their weight, the rack locomotives were known as 32 Tonners. In addition to being numbered, they were all named as well, with the names and numbers cast in brass and mounted on their tank sides.^[1]^[2]^[4]^[5]

Characteristics

The rack locomotive had plate frames, arranged outside the coupled wheels, and was equipped with the Heusinger von Waldegg version of Walschaerts valve gear. The pinion for the rack was mounted between the coupled wheels, just forward of the second coupled axle. The pinion axle was coupled to the driving wheels through side rods, with the connecting rods coupled directly to crank disks which were mounted on the ends of the axle, outside the frames. These crank disks were grooved to act as brake drums.^[1]^[2]

A second free-turning pinion wheel, which also meshed with the rack, was mounted on the leading driving axle. It had grooved brake drums bolted to each side and acted as a brake only, with the brakes being applied by a hand mechanism from the footplate. The brakes on the driving and free-turning pinion wheels were separately controlled, while the vacuum brake gear on the engine was only used to control the brakes of the train.^[2]

The main steam cylinders were also used as brakes on the rack section. During descents, the 32 Tonner would be put into reverse, with the steam regulator closed, and a three-way valve in the exhaust pipe under the smokebox would be closed when brake power was required. The exhaust passages would then be isolated from the blast pipe and air would be admitted to the steam chests. The air would enter the cylinders though the exhaust ports and reversed operations in the cylinders. Used air would be exhausted through the steam inlet ports back into the steam pipe, from where it was led to the rear of the engine by a 1 ¹⁄₂ inches (38 millimetres) diameter branch pipe. This branch pipe had another valve, by which the driver could regulate the amount of compression in the cylinders. Small amounts of water could be admitted into the cylinders to keep them cool.^[1]^[2]

Service

NZASM

The four rack locomotives were all shedded at Waterval Onder. When working a train up to Waterval Boven, a 32 Tonner would be coupled to the rear end of a train as banking engine. When working a descending train, the order of assembly was reversed, with the train’s locomotive at the rear end and the rack locomotive in front to act as brake. Loads of 120 to 140 long tons (122 to 142 tonnes) could be handled in this manner.^[1]^[2]

Imperial Military Railways

All railway operations in the two Boer Republics, the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek and the Orange Free State, were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) in 1899, during the Second Boer War.^[4]

All four locomotives survived the war.^[5]

Central South African Railways

At the end of the war in 1902, when the IMR was transformed into the Central South African Railways (CSAR), the four 32 Tonners were designated Class G, but retained their original NZASM engine numbers. They remained in banking service on the section between Waterval Boven and Waterval Onder until 1908, when a new alignment with easier gradients, including a new tunnel, was constructed and the rack section could be abandoned.^[1]^[2]

The original tunnel’s portal coordinates are 25°38′01″S 30°20′57″E / 25.633522°S 30.349168°E / -25.633522; 30.349168 (eastern portal) and 25°38′03″S 30°20′41″E / 25.634052°S 30.344643°E / -25.634052; 30.344643 (western portal).

South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways required careful planning and was only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.^[4]^[6]

In 1912, these four locomotives were taken onto the SAR roster as unclassified engines, since they were considered obsolete. Since they were excluded from the SAR renumbering schedules, they retained their NZASM engine numbers until they were eventually scrapped.^[5]^[6]

Works numbers

The 32 Tonner engine numbers, names, works numbers and years built are shown in the table.^[1]

**NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2T**
NZASM no.	Name	Works no.	Year built
991	Vierkleur	1894	2642
992	Driekleur	1894	2643
993	Republiek	1894	2655
994	Vaderland	1897	2844

Illustration

The main picture shows no. 992 Driekleur while the pictures below serve to illustrate both sides of the 32 Tonner locomotive, as well as the larger coal bunker on the fourth engine. The pinion ahead of the second axle is visible.

No. 991 in Waterval-Boven's shops with 46 Tonners, c. 1895
No. 993 Republiek with its small coal bunker, circa 1895
No. 994 Vaderland with a larger coal bunker and tanks, circa 1895

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 1: 1859-1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 115–117, 126. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV - The N.Z.A.S.M. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, November 1944. pp. 843-845, 848.
↑ Jehan, David (2003). Rack Railways of Australia (2nd. ed.). Illawarra Light Railway Museum Society. ISBN 0-9750452-0-2.
1 2 3 The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, pp. 19-20, 22-23, 25.
1 2 3 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 23. ISBN 0869772112.
1 2 Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Pretoria, January 1912, p. 2 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to NZASM 32 Tonner (0-4-2T).

Locomotives of the Central South African Railways

3' 6" gauge	CSAR 0-6-0ST 1896 CSAR 4-6-0T 1887 CSAR Class 6-L1 CSAR Class 6-L2 CSAR Class 6-L3 CSAR Class 7 CSAR Class 8-L1 CSAR Class 8-L2 CSAR Class 8-L3 CSAR Class 9 CSAR Class 10 1904 CSAR Class 10 1910 CSAR Class 10-2 Saturated CSAR Class 10-2 Superheated CSAR Class 10-C CSAR Class 11 CSAR Class B 0-6-4T CSAR Class C 2-8-4T CSAR Class D CSAR Class E 4-8-0TT CSAR Class E 4-8-2T CSAR Class E 4-10-2T CSAR Class F CSAR Class M CSAR Mallet Saturated CSAR Mallet Stoker CSAR Mallet Superheated CSAR Rack 4-6-4T CSAR Railmotor IMR 0-6-0ST 1896 IMR 4-6-0T 1887 IMR 46 Tonner 0-6-4T IMR 55 Tonner 2-6-4T IMR 7th Class 4-8-0 IMR 8th Class 4-8-0 IMR Reid Tenwheeler 4-10-2T IMR Western Australian 2-8-4T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner NZASM 46 Tonner OVGS 1st Class 4-4-0TT OVGS 2nd Class 2-6-0 OVGS 2nd Class 2-6-0ST OVGS 3rd Class 4-4-0 OVGS 4th Class G 4-6-0 OVGS 5th Class K 4-6-0 1890 OVGS 5th Class K 4-6-0 1891 OVGS 6th Class L 4-6-0 OVGS 6th Class L2 4-6-0 OVGS 6th Class L3 4-6-0 PPR 0-4-0ST Natal PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese PPR 55 Tonner

2' gauge	CSAR Pankop

List of South African locomotive classes South African locomotive history

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton Railmotor

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 Red Devil

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Class Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Class Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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