South African Class 16E 4-6-2

No. 858 at Vetrivier, 5 November 1979

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways
Builder	Henschel and Son
Serial number	22583-22588
Model	Class 16E
Build date	1935
Total produced	6

Specifications
Configuration	4-6-2 "Pacific"
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia	34 in (864 mm)
Driver diameter	72 in (1,829 mm)
Trailing dia	34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase	Total: 63 ft 5.1875 in (19,334 mm) Engine: 7 ft 2 in (2,184 mm) bogie 12 ft 3.5 in (3,746 mm) coupled 33 ft 7 in (10,236 mm) total Tender: 6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm) bogie 20 ft 5 in (6,223 mm) total
Length	71 ft 8.1875 in (21,849 mm) total
Height	13 ft (3,962 mm)
Axle load	20.65 long tons (21.0 t) on 2nd driver
Adhesive weight	59.4 long tons (60.4 t)
Loco weight	97.75 long tons (99.3 t)
Tender weight	66,416 lb (30.1 t) empty 69.4 long tons (70.5 t) w/o
Loco & tender weight	192,500 lb (87.3 t) empty 167.15 long tons (169.8 t) w/o
Tender type	JT - JT, JV permitted * 2 axle bogies * 34 in (864 mm) wheels * Length 30 ft 9.0625 in (9,374 mm)
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	14 long tons (14.2 t)
Water cap	6,000 imp gal (27,000 l)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	63 sq ft (5.853 m²)
Boiler	6 ft 2.25 in (1,886 mm) inside diameter 19 ft 0.5 in (5,804 mm) inside length 9 ft 3 in (2,819 mm) pitch
Boiler pressure	210 psi (1,450 kPa)
Heating surface	2,914 sq ft (270.719 m²)
• Tubes	136 tubes 2.5 in (64 mm) diameter 36 tubes 5.5 in (140 mm) diameter 2,682 sq ft (249.166 m²)
• Flues	26 sq ft (2.415 m²)
• Firebox	206 sq ft (19.138 m²)
Superheater: • Heating area	592 sq ft (54.999 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	24 in (610 mm) bore 28 in (711 mm) stroke
Valve gear	RC Poppet

Performance figures
Tractive effort	35,280 lbf (157 kN) at 75% pressure

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Class 16E
Number in class	6
Numbers	854–859
Delivered	1935
First run	1935
Withdrawn	1972

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The South African Railways Class 16E 4-6-2 of 1935 is a steam locomotive.

In 1935 the South African Railways placed six Class 16E steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service.^[1]^[2]

Manufacturer

The Class 16E 4-6-2 Pacific type locomotive was designed by A.G. Watson, the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the South African Railways (SAR) from 1929 to 1936, and built by Henschel and Son in Kassel, Germany. Six locomotives were delivered in 1935, numbered in the range from 854 to 859.^[3]^[4]

The drive shafts that turn the poppet valve camshafts are no different from those found under most rear wheel drive cars and trucks

With its 72 inches (1,830 millimetres) diameter driving wheels the Class 16E was considered to be the most remarkable Cape gauge express passenger locomotive ever built. The locomotive boasted the largest fire grate on any Pacific outside North America. The driving wheels are the largest ever used on any less than 4 feet 8.5 inches (1,435 millimetres) standard gauge locomotive, and it has an all-up weight and tractive effort equal to or exceeding most Pacifics outside North America. It uses rotary cam poppet valve gear, driven by outside rotary propshafts, which resulted in extremely free-running characteristics. The centre set of driving wheels are flangeless and have wider treads than the other two sets to prevent them from slipping off the rails in sharp curves. The turning mechanisms for the poppet valve gear are mounted on this wheelset.^[1]^[5]

At 9 feet 3 inches (2,819 millimetres) above rail level, their boiler centre-line was the highest-pitched on the SAR. Because of this and the limitations of the loading gauge, it was impossible to install a normal steam dome and its place was taken by an inspection man-hole. Steam was collected through numerous small feeder pipes fixed into two collector pipes, which were arranged as high as possible above the water surface. The collector pipes then joined together to form a main steam pipe, 7 inches (177.800 millimetres) in diameter, which led to the superheater header and multiple valve regulator, situated in the smokebox.^[1]

Watson Standard boilers

CME A.G. Watson with his crowning achievement, the Class 16E, c. 1935

The Class 16E was delivered with a Watson Standard no. 3A boiler, one of the range of standard boiler types designed by Watson as part of his standardisation policy. It was also equipped with the altered cab with the slanted front design that, like the Watson Standard boiler, was to become standard on later SAR steam locomotive classes.^[2]

Many serving locomotives were reboilered with these Watson Standard boilers and Watson cabs, and new locomotives that were acquired in the Watson era and later were built with such boilers. An obvious visual identifying feature of a Watson Standard boilered locomotive is usually a rectangular regulator cover just to the rear of the chimney.^[2]

Service

The Class 16E Pacifics were placed in service at Kimberley and regularly worked trains like the Union Express, that was to become the Blue Train after World War II, and the Union Limited south to Beaufort West and north to Johannesburg. Although they were never stationed at Braamfontein Loco in Johannesburg, they were serviced there in the process of working between Kimberley and Johannesburg.^[6]

They proved to be very successful, efficient and economical in service. When the original wooden bodied coaches of the Union Express were replaced with heavier steel bodied air conditioned coaches in 1939, however, the Class 16E was considered to be inadequate to the task and was relocated to Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State.^[1]^[4]^[6]

From here they hauled regular passenger trains, including the Orange Express, working north to Johannesburg and south to De Aar as well as across to Kimberley. When air conditioned lounge cars were added to trains like the Orange Express and Trans-Karoo, they were again considered as not powerful enough for the additional load and were eventually withdrawn from service in 1972.^[4]^[6]

Preservation

Two locomotives survive and were still relatively intact by 2010. Number 858, "Betty", was stored in the open at Beaconsfield, Kimberley, while number 857 was in storage at Bloemfontein, parked under cover at the locomotive depot.^[7]

Commemoration

A 20c postage stamp depicting a Class 16E locomotive was one of a set of four commemorative postage stamps that were issued by the South African Post Office on 27 April 1983, to commemorate the steam locomotives of South Africa that were rapidly being withdrawn from service at the time. The artwork and stamp design was by the noted stamp designer and artist Hein Botha.^[8]

The particular locomotive depicted was Class 16E no. 858. The outline of a traditional SAR locomotive number plate was used as a commemorative cancellation for De Aar on the date of issue.^[8]

Illustration

Class 16E locomotives were equipped with smoke deflectors in later years. The main picture shows Class 16E no. 858 without smoke deflectors, while the following pictures show both sides of the locomotive.

No. 854 at Paardeneiland Loco, Cape Town, c. 1935
No. 854 on the Union Limited near Roodepoort, c. 1936
No. 858 leaving Johannesburg on the Blue Train, c. 1969
No. 858 with smoke deflectors at Orange River station, 23 April 1981
No. 857 with smoke deflectors at Thaba Nchu, 4 July 1999
No. 858 with smoke deflectors at Beaconsfield, Kimberley, 3 July 1999

References

1 2 3 4 Holland, D.F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 3 South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book, 2’0” & 3’6” Gauge Steam Locomotives, 15 August 1941, pp21 & 21A, as amended
↑ Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow
1 2 3 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 67–68. ISBN 0869772112.
↑ Durrant, A E (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 96. ISBN 0715386387.
1 2 3 Information supplied by Les Pivnic, retired Assistant Curator, South African Railway Museum
↑ Middleton, John N. (2002). Railways of Southern Africa Locomotive Guide - 2002 (as amended by Combined Amendment List 4, January 2009) (2nd, Dec 2002 ed.). Herts, England: Beyer-Garratt Publications. p. 17.
1 2 Philatelic Bulletin 176, issued by Philatelic Services and INTERSAPA, 1983

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 16E (4-6-2).

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton Railmotor

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 Red Devil

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Class Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Class Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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