South African Class 3A 4-8-2

This article is about one of several different Natal Government Railways locomotive types to be designated "Class B". For other NGR Class B locomotives, see Natal Government Railways Class B locomotives.

NGR Class B 4-8-2 1910
South African Class 3A 4-8-2

NGR Class B no. 335, SAR Class 3A no. 1476

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	American Locomotive Company
Builder	American Locomotive Company
Serial number	46176
Model	NGR America D
Build date	1909
Total produced	1

Specifications
Configuration	4-8-2 (Mountain)
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.	28 ¹⁄₂ in (724 mm)
Coupled dia.	45 ¹⁄₂ in (1,156 mm)
Trailing dia.	30 in (762 mm)
Tender wheels	30 in (762 mm)
Wheelbase	57 ft 7 in (17,551 mm)
• Engine	30 ft 6 in (9,296 mm)
• Leading	6 ft (1,829 mm)
• Coupled	12 ft 9 in (3,886 mm)
• Tender	17 ft 10 in (5,436 mm)
• Tender bogie	5 ft 10 in (1,778 mm)
Length:
• Over couplers	65 ft 5 ⁷⁄₈ in (19,961 mm)
Height	12 ft 6 in (3,810 mm)
Frame type	Bar
Axle load	14 LT 11 cwt (14,780 kg)
• Leading	11 LT 16 cwt (11,990 kg)
• 1st coupled	13 LT 14 cwt 2 qtr (13,950 kg)
• 2nd coupled	13 LT 18 cwt 2 qtr (14,150 kg)
• 3rd coupled	13 LT 9 cwt (13,670 kg)
• 4th coupled	14 LT 11 cwt (14,780 kg)
• Trailing	9 LT 1 cwt (9,195 kg)
• Tender bogie	Bogie 1: 20 LT 7 cwt (20,680 kg) Bogie 2: 22 LT 10 cwt (22,860 kg)
Adhesive weight	55 LT 13 cwt (56,540 kg)
Loco weight	76 LT 10 cwt (77,730 kg)
Tender weight	42 LT 17 cwt (43,540 kg)
Total weight	119 LT 7 cwt (121,300 kg)
Tender type	2-axle bogies
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	8 LT 5 cwt (8.4 t)
Water cap	4,000 imp gal (18,200 l)
Firebox type	Belpaire
• Firegrate area	36.25 sq ft (3.368 m²)
Boiler:
• Pitch	7 ft 4 in (2,235 mm)
• Diameter	5 ft 4 ⁵⁄₈ in (1,641 mm)
• Tube plates	18 ft 7 ³⁄₈ in (5,674 mm)
• Small tubes	172: 2 ¹⁄₄ in (57 mm)
• Large tubes	15: 5 ¹⁄₄ in (133 mm)
Boiler pressure	160 psi (1,103 kPa)
Safety valve	Ramsbottom
Heating surface	2,417 sq ft (224.5 m²)
• Tubes	2,268 sq ft (210.7 m²)
• Firebox	149 sq ft (13.8 m²)
Superheater:
• Type	Cole
• Heating area	457 sq ft (42.5 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	24 in (610 mm) bore 24 in (610 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts
Valve type	Piston
Couplers	Bell link-and-pin

Performance figures
Tractive effort	36,460 lbf (162.2 kN) @ 75%

Career
Operators	Natal Government Railways South African Railways
Class	NGR Class B SAR Class 3A
Number in class	1
Numbers	NGR 335, SAR 1476
Nicknames	Maud Allan
Delivered	1910
First run	1910
Withdrawn	1935

The leading coupled axle had flangeless wheels

The South African Railways Class 3A 4-8-2 of 1910 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Natal Colony.

Early in 1910, the Natal Government Railways commissioned a single American-built Class B 4-8-2 Mountain type locomotive, also known as the America D. It was the first superheated locomotive to be acquired by the Railways in Natal, and also the first with a bar frame. In 1912, when it was assimilated into the South African Railways, it was renumbered and designated Class 3A.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Manufacturer

As a result of a visit to the United States of America by Natal Government Railways (NGR) Locomotive Superintendent D.A. Hendrie in 1909, to study Mallet type locomotives and also American locomotive design in general, the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) supplied the NGR with two experimental locomotives. These engines represented a radical departure from previous NGR locomotive designs.^[1]^[2]^[4]

One of them was the first Mallet type in South Africa, later to be designated Class MA on the South African Railways (SAR).^[1]^[2]

The other was a 4-8-2 Mountain type locomotive, which was placed in service early in 1910. It was of very similar general proportions to the NGR Class B of 1909, also known as the Hendrie D. While the ALCO locomotive was also designated Class B, it was commonly known as the America D on the NGR, nicknamed Maud Allan by the enginemen, after the Canadian-born dancer.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Characteristics

Like the Class B Hendrie D, the ALCO locomotive also used Walschaerts valve gear, but it had a bar frame, larger 24 inches (610 millimetres) diameter pistons, lower 160 pounds per square inch (1,103 kilopascals) boiler pressure, superheating, an American type cab and some other features which were typical of American design, such as high running boards. It was the first superheated locomotive to be acquired by the NGR, and also the first with a bar frame.^[1]^[2]^[4]

Superheating

At the time, the advantages to be gained by superheating were gradually becoming apparent as the most practical means of improving engine power and efficiency. Superheating was considered the greatest step forward regarding improved performance and efficiency in steam locomotives. The claims that superheating could effect a saving of from 10% to 20% in fuel and from 15% to 25% in water, were not unfounded and were even improved upon in later years. Experience with the Class B America D proved, when compared with the saturated steam Class B Hendrie D, that it was more economical in fuel and water consumption.^[1]^[2]^[4]

Cole superheater header

The locomotive's superheater was of the Cole type, which was somewhat similar to the Schmidt system, except that the Cole type had two headers, arranged at either side of the smokebox, instead of one at the top. Each of the fifteen 5 ¹⁄₄ inches (133 millimetres) diameter boiler flues contained four lengths of seamless steam pipes of 1 ¹⁄₂ inches (38 millimetres) outside diameter, arranged in double pairs which were connected at the back ends by return bends, with the two pairs connected to each other at the front by another return bend. This forced the steam to traverse the entire four pipe lengths before entering the steam chests. The two free front ends of each such foursome of pipes were bent around to meet the steam headers. This design of superheater produced a superheat of from 175 to 250 degrees Fahrenheit (79 to 121 degrees Celsius) above saturation temperature.^[2]

The passage of gases through the large flues and around the superheating pipes was controlled by a damper, which was automatically operated by a steam cylinder, connected directly to the steam chest. When the throttle was opened, the pressure in the steam chest would open the damper, which would be closed again by a counterweight when steam was shut off. Superheater dampers were used for many years, until it was determined that damping was unnecessary, since the life of the superheating elements was not increased appreciably by their use. On the SAR, the use of superheater dampers was discontinued c. 1924.^[2]

Factor of adhesion

The locomotive had larger diameter cylinders than the Class B Hendrie D, but its adhesive weight was 2 long tons 15 hundredweight (2,794 kilograms) less. The result was that its factor of adhesion was found to be on the low side for the service for which it was required. The locomotive was prone to slipping when the rails were wet, which often happened in Natal when the weather was misty.^[1]^[2]

Service

The locomotive joined the Class B Hendrie D locomotives, working between Estcourt and Charlestown on the Transvaal border.^[1]^[3]^[4]

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, NGR and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways required careful planning and was only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.^[3]^[5]

In 1912, the locomotive was renumbered 1476 and classified as the sole Class 3A on the SAR. It was withdrawn from service in 1935.^[1]^[3]^[4]

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 1: 1859-1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III - Natal Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1944. pp. 594, 599.
1 2 3 4 5 Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 7, 12, 15, 46 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 37. ISBN 0869772112.
↑ Hart, George, ed. (c. 1978). The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd. p. 25.

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Locomotives of Natal

4' 8½" gauge	Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge	Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert NGR Class A 1905 NGR Class A 1910 NGR Class B 4-8-0 1904 NGR Class B 4-8-0 1910 NGR Class B 4-8-2 1906 NGR Class B 4-8-2 1909 NGR Class B 4-8-2 1910 NGR Class C 4-8-2T NGR Class C 4-10-2T NGR Class D NGR Class E NGR Class F NGR Class G NGR Class H 4-6-2T NGR Class H 4-6-4T NGR Class I 2-6-0 NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NGR Class L 4-8-0 NGR Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Havelock NGR Mallet 1909 NGR Mallet 1910

2' gauge	NGR Class N 1906 NGR Class N 1907 NGR Class N 1911

List of South African locomotive classes South African locomotive history

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT Joy 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Gas-electric

Gas-electric

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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