South West African Zwillinge

DSWA Zwillinge 0-6-0T
South West African Zwillinge 0-6-0T

Krauss factory picture of Zwillinge no. 73 B & A, circa 1899

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Builder	Krauss & Company Henschel and Son L. Schwartzkopff Egestorf MBA Breslau Arnold Jung
Model	Zwillinge
Build date	1899-1905
Total produced	182 pairs (See notes)

Specifications
Configuration	0-6-0T
Gauge	600 mm (1 ft 11 ⁵⁄₈ in) narrow gauge
Driver diameter	580 mm (22.83 in)
Wheelbase	1,300 mm (4 ft 3.18 in)
Length	3,510 mm (11 ft 6.19 in) unit over frame 7,200 mm (23 ft 7.46 in) pair over frames 8,200 mm (26 ft 10.83 in) pair between couplers
Width	1,600 mm (5 ft 2.99 in)
Height	2,700 mm (8 ft 10.30 in)
Loco weight	7,000 kg (6.9 long tons) empty 8,500 kg (8.4 long tons) w/o
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	250 kg (550 lb)
Water cap	830 l (180 imp gal)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	0.3 m² (3.2 sq ft)
Boiler pressure	220 psi (1,520 kPa)
Heating surface: • Tubes	14.29 m² (153.8 sq ft)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	180 mm (7.09 in) bore 240 mm (9.45 in) stroke
Valve gear	Outside Stephenson

Performance figures
Maximum speed	20 km/h (12 mph)
Power output	60 hp (45 kW)
Tractive effort	12.2 kN (2,743 lbf) at 60% pressure

Career
Operators	Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn South African Railways
Number in class	50+ pairs
Nicknames	Zwillinge or Illinge
Delivered	1898-1905
First run	1898
Preserved	Illinge No. 154A

1. Data are for single locomotives unless indicated otherwise.
2. The total production of 182 pairs includes those built for use in other parts of the world.

The South West African Zwillinge 0-6-0T of 1898 is a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika era.

Between 1898 and 1905 more than fifty pairs of Zwillinge twin tank steam locomotives with a 0-6-0 wheel arrangement were acquired by the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn (Swakopmund-Windhoek State Railway) in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika (German South West Africa). By 1922 only two of these locomotives survived to be absorbed onto the roster of the South African Railways.^[1]

Narrow gauge railway

The first members of the German Feldbahn-Baukommando (field railway construction commando) arrived in Swakopmund in German South West Africa (DSWA, now Namibia) on 11 September 1897 to build a narrow gauge railway across the Namib Desert from Swakopmund to Windhoek. The Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn was officially opened to traffic nearly five years later, on 1 July 1902.^[2]

Manufacturers

Zwillinge locomotives were a class of small 600 millimetres (23.6 inches) "Schmalspur" (narrow gauge) paired 0-6-0 tank steam locomotives that were built in Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The first large consignment of Zwillinge locomotives arrived in Swakopmund between 1898 and 1899. Eventually, by 1905, more than fifty new or used pairs had been acquired by the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn in DSWA.^[1]

They were built by six manufacturers, those being Krauss and Company, Henschel and Son, L. Schwartzkopff, Egestorf, MBA Breslau and Arnold Jung. These so-called "Feldbahn" locomotives, built for the military, were also used in other German colonies and several came to DSWA second hand.^[1]^[3]

Twins

As indicated by their name "Zwillinge" (twins), they were actually two separate locomotives that were designed to be semi-permanently coupled back-to-back at the cabs, allowing a single footplate crew to fire and control both locomotives. The pairs of locomotives shared a common manufacturer’s works number and engine number, with the units being designated as A and B.^[4]^[5]

Zwillinge 0-6-0T no. 167 B & A, c. 1920

The principle of using two tank locomotives which are permanently coupled at their cab ends, was patented in 1855 by the English locomotive builders Robert Stephenson and Company.^[6]^[7]

The A locomotives had higher cabin roofs than the B locomotives so that the roofs could overlap while coupled, to provide better protection for the crew. They were designed so that they could also be used separately and each had a complete set of controls. When they were run in single mode they were commonly referred to as Illinge.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[8]

By the outbreak of World War I a total of one hundred and eighty-two Zwillinge pairs had been produced for employment in several German territories. Production of new Zwillinge was terminated after the adoption of the larger 0-8-0 Brigadelok as the new standard military locomotive in 1901.^[8]

Service

Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn

Shortly after the first Zwillinge locomotives were placed in service, it was found that the tank locomotives’ fuel and water capacities were insufficient for the distances that had to be covered in the German colonies in Africa, especially in the harsh conditions presented by the Namib Desert that had to be crossed between Swakopmund and Windhoek.^[4]^[8]

Zwillinge at work near Pforte in 1898

To solve this, a four-axle water tender was developed that served the dual purpose of also providing seating for armed escorts. The bench atop the water tender as well as the water pipe between the locomotives and tender is visible in the picture alongside.^[3]

South African Railways

No. 169B arriving at Bellville Quarry

In 1922 the South African Railways (SAR) took control of all railway operations in South West Africa (SWA), but the SWA locomotives were never reclassified or renumbered and retained their former German identities until withdrawn from service. By then Illinge numbers 154A and 169B were the only survivors of the Zwillinge fleet to be taken onto the SAR roster.^[1]^[3]^[9]

Number 154A was employed in Windhoek as a non-revenue departmental locomotive and was finally withdrawn from service in 1939 after logging a total mileage of about 371,000 miles (597,067 kilometres).^[3]^[9]

Number 169B, built in 1904 by MBA Breslau, was shipped to Cape Town after World War I and placed in non-revenue service at the SAR’s Bellville quarry into the side of the Tygerberg.^[1]

Preservation

No. 154A plinthed at Windhoek Station

The sole surviving Illinge locomotive, number 154A, is now plinthed under a shelter outside Windhoek Station. This particular locomotive was half of a pair built by Henschel in 1900, works number 5376. It only arrived in SWA second hand in 1904, being shown in the Henschel works lists as originally built new for the Deutsche Feldbahnen in 1900 as one half of seven locomotive pairs with engine numbers 148A&B to 154A&B and works numbers 5364 to 5377. It is not known where it was first placed in service.^[3]^[5]^[8]^[9]^[10]

It was originally plinted at the Railway College at Esselen Park in Kaalfontein, near Kempton Park in Transvaal, South Africa. During the late 1950s it was returned to SWA and plinthed in its present location in front of the station building in Windhoek.^[3]

Commemoration

A postage stamp depicting the Zwillinge was one of a set of four commemorative stamps that was issued on 2 August 1985 to commemorate the narrow gauge locomotives that pioneered railways in the territory. The stamp design was by the noted stamp designer and artist Koos van Ellinckhuijzen.^[2]^[11]

The particular locomotives depicted were the second DSWA pair, numbered 2A and 2B. The name of the station on the name board on the stamp, written in Fraktur script, is Otjimukoka. This station was renamed in 1903 to Johann Albrechtshöhe in honour of Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg, and again changed later to the shortened Albrechts. A head-on outline of an Illinge was used by the SWA postal authorities as a commemorative cancellation for Swakopmund on the date of issue. The stamp, the postmark and another painting of the Zwillinge appeared on the first day cover that marked the release of the four stamps.^[3]^[12]

References

1 2 3 4 5 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 117, 121. ISBN 0869772112.
1 2 Philatelic Bulletin 44, issued by Philatelic Services and INTERSAPA, 1985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Windhoek, Namibia, Steam locomotive plinthed at station building
1 2 3 Henschel 5376
1 2 3 Eisenbahnen
↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Adoption of the 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge on the Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1943. pp. 592-594.
↑ Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways, Volume 1: 1859-1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
1 2 3 4 The Heeresfeldbahn pages: Zwilling
1 2 3 Middleton, John N. (2002). Railways of Southern Africa Locomotive Guide - 2002 (as amended by Combined Amendment List 4, January 2009) (2nd, Dec 2002 ed.). Herts, England: Beyer-Garratt Publications. p. 67.
↑ Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow
↑ De Jager, Okkie and Steenkamp, Riaan - The Art of J.J. (Koos) van Ellinckhuijzen
↑ The Art of Koos van Ellinckhuijzen: Historical Namibian Railways, on North-West University South Africa website

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Zwillinge (0-6-0T).

Steam Locomotives of South West Africa

600mm gauge (Narrow gauge)	DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge

3' 6" gauge (Cape gauge)	DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0

List of South African locomotive classes South African locomotive history

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London Harbour 0-4-0 Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0ST Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0T Table Bay Harbour 0-4-0WT

4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance

3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST 1902 CGR 0-6-0T 1876 Back-to-Back CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T 1875 CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T 1882 CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack CSAR Railmotor DSWA Eight-Coupled Tank 2-8-0T Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth Harbour 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR 0-4-0ST 1903 SAR 0-4-0T no. 69 SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Clayton Railmotor

3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Beyer, Peacock CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT 1881 CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT 1875 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 DSWA Eight-Coupled Tender 2-8-0 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 Red Devil

3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U

2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper 0-6-0T 1871 Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Class Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Class Namaqua Copper Pioneer

2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T DSWA Class Ha DSWA Class Hb DSWA Class Hc DSWA Class Hd DSWA Jung DSWA Zwillinge NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR NG 0-4-0T 1899 SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 35-800 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000

2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000

3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000

3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, December 04, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.