Ryanodine receptor 2

Ryanodine receptor 2 (cardiac)

Available structures

Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB

List of PDB id codes
4JKQ

Identifiers

Symbols

RYR2 ; ARVC2; ARVD2; RYR-2; RyR; VTSIP

External IDs

OMIM: 180902 MGI: 99685 HomoloGene: 37423 IUPHAR: 748 ChEMBL: 4403 GeneCards: RYR2 Gene

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• intracellular ligand-gated calcium channel activity • ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity • calcium channel activity • calcium ion binding • protein binding • calmodulin binding • calcium-release channel activity • enzyme binding • protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding • protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding • identical protein binding • protein self-association • suramin binding • ion channel binding • calcium-induced calcium release activity
Cellular component	• smooth endoplasmic reticulum • cytosol • plasma membrane • junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane • membrane • sarcoplasmic reticulum • Z disc • sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane • calcium channel complex • protein complex • extracellular exosome
Biological process	• response to hypoxia • regulation of heart rate • embryonic heart tube morphogenesis • left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis • cardiac muscle hypertrophy • detection of calcium ion • calcium ion transport • cellular calcium ion homeostasis • positive regulation of heart rate • regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion • regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling • release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum • response to muscle activity • calcium-mediated signaling • BMP signaling pathway • response to caffeine • ion transmembrane transport • calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source • response to muscle stretch • release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol • positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion • cytosolic calcium ion homeostasis • response to redox state • transmembrane transport • regulation of cardiac muscle contraction • cardiac muscle contraction • canonical Wnt signaling pathway • calcium ion transport into cytosol • sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport • calcium ion transmembrane transport • cellular response to caffeine • cellular response to epinephrine stimulus • establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum • ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential • Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling • cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction • type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process • positive regulation of the force of heart contraction • regulation of AV node cell action potential • regulation of SA node cell action potential • regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential • regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential • positive regulation of calcium-transporting ATPase activity
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 1:
237.04 – 237.83 Mb

Chr 13:
11.55 – 12.11 Mb

PubMed search

Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) is a protein found primarily in cardiac muscle. In humans, it is encoded by the RYR2 gene.^[1]^[2]^[3] In the process of cardiac calcium-induced calcium release, RYR2 is the major mediator for sarcoplasmic release of stored calcium ions.

Structure

The channel is composed of RYR2 homotetramers and FK506-binding proteins found in a 1:4 stoichiometric ratio. Calcium channel function is affected by the specific type of FK506 isomer interacting with the RYR2 protein, due to binding differences and other factors.^[4]

Function

The RYR2 protein functions as the major component of a calcium channel located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that supplies ions to the cardiac muscle during systole. To enable cardiac muscle contraction, calcium influx through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in the plasma membrane allows calcium ions to bind to RYR2 located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This binding causes the release of calcium through RYR2 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, where it binds to the C domain of troponin, which shifts tropomyosin and allows the myosin ATPase to bind to actin, enabling cardiac muscle contraction.^[5] RYR2 channels are associated with many cellular functions, including mitochondrial metabolism, gene expression and cell survival, in addition to their role in cardiomyocyte contraction.^[6]

Clinical significance

Deleterious mutations of the ryanodine receptor family, and especially the RYR2 receptor, lead to a constellation of pathologies leading to both acute and chronic heart failure collectively known as "Ryanopathies."^[7]

Mutations in the RYR2 gene are associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, stress-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.^[8]

Mice with genetically reduced RYR2 exhibit a lower basal heart rate and fatal arrythmias.^[9]

Interactions

Ryanodine receptor 2 has been shown to interact with:

References

↑ Otsu K, Willard HF, Khanna VK, Zorzato F, Green NM, MacLennan DH (September 1990). "Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor) of rabbit cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum". J Biol Chem 265 (23): 13472–83. PMID 2380170.
↑ Otsu K, Fujii J, Periasamy M, Difilippantonio M, Uppender M, Ward DC, MacLennan DH (October 1993). "Chromosome mapping of five human cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum protein genes". Genomics 17 (2): 507–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1357. PMID 8406504.
↑ Tiso N, Stephan DA, Nava A, Bagattin A, Devaney JM, Stanchi F, Larderet G, Brahmbhatt B, Brown K, Bauce B, Muriago M, Basso C, Thiene G, Danieli GA, Rampazzo A (February 2001). "Identification of mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene in families affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 2 (ARVD2)". Hum Mol Genet 10 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.3.189. PMID 11159936.
↑ Guo T, Cornea RL, Huke S, Camors E, Yang Y, Picht E, Fruen BR, Bers DM (June 2010). "Kinetics of FKBP12.6 binding to ryanodine receptors in permeabilized cardiac myocytes and effects on Ca sparks". Circ. Res. 106 (11): 1743–52. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.219816. PMC 2895429. PMID 20431056.
↑ "Q92736 - RYR2_HUMAN".
↑ Bround MJ, Wambolt R, Luciani DS, Kulpa JE, Rodrigues B, Brownsey RW, Allard MF, Johnson JD (15 May 2013). "Cardiomyocyte ATP production, metabolic flexibility, and survival require calcium flux through cardiac ryanodine receptors in vivo". Journal of Biological Chemistry 288 (26): 18975–86. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.427062. PMID 23678000.
↑ Belevych AE, Radwański PB, Carnes CA, Györke S (2013). "'Ryanopathy': causes and manifestations of RyR2 dysfunction in heart failure". Cardiovasc. Res. 98 (2): 240–7. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvt024. PMC 3633158. PMID 23408344.
↑ "Entrez Gene: RYR2 ryanodine receptor 2 (cardiac)".
↑ Bround MJ, Asghari P, Wambolt RB, Bohunek L, Smits C, Philit M, Kieffer TJ, Lakatta EG, Boheler KR, Moore ED, Allard MF, Johnson JD (September 2012). "Cardiac ryanodine receptors control heart rate and rhythmicity in adult mice". Cardiovasc. Res. 96 (3): 372–80. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvs260. PMID 22869620.
1 2 3 4 Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, Jayaraman T, Burkhoff D, Rosemblit N, Marks AR (May 2000). "PKA phosphorylation dissociates FKBP12.6 from the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor): defective regulation in failing hearts". Cell 101 (4): 365–76. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80847-8. PMID 10830164.
↑ Marx SO, Reiken S, Hisamatsu Y, Gaburjakova M, Gaburjakova J, Yang YM, Rosemblit N, Marks AR (May 2001). "Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of ryanodine receptors: a novel role for leucine/isoleucine zippers". J. Cell Biol. 153 (4): 699–708. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.4.699. PMC 2192391. PMID 11352932.
↑ Meyers MB, Pickel VM, Sheu SS, Sharma VK, Scotto KW, Fishman GI (November 1995). "Association of sorcin with the cardiac ryanodine receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (44): 26411–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.44.26411. PMID 7592856.

External links

Membrane transport protein: ion channels (TC 1A)

Ca²⁺: Calcium channel

Ligand-gated	Inositol trisphosphate receptor 1 2 3 Ryanodine receptor 1 2 3

Voltage-gated	L-type/Ca_vα 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 N-type/Ca_vα2.2 P-type/Ca_vα 2.1 Q-type/Ca_vα2.1 R-type/Ca_vα2.3 T-type/Ca_vα 3.1 3.2 3.3 α₂δ-subunits 1 2 β-subunits β1 β2 β3 β4 γ-subunits γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 Cation channels of sperm 1 2 3 4 Two-pore channel 1 2

Na⁺: Sodium channel

Constitutively active	Epithelial sodium channel α β γ δ

Proton-gated	Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1 2 3 4

Voltage-gated	Na_vα 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 7A Na_vβ 1 2 3 4

K⁺: Potassium channel

Calcium-activated	BK channel α1 β1 β2 β3 β4 SK channel SK1 SK2 SK3 IK channel IK1 K_Ca 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1

Inward-rectifier	K_ATP K_ir 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 GIRK/K_ir 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 K_ir 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 7.1

Tandem pore domain	K2P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18

Voltage-gated	K_vα1-6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 K_vα7-12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1/hERG 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 K_vβ 1 2 3 KCNIP 1 2 3 4 minK/ISK minK/ISK-like MiRP 1 2 3 Shaker gene

Miscellaneous

Cl⁻: Chloride channel	Calcium-activated chloride channels Anoctamin ANO1 Bestrophin 1 2 Chloride Channel Accessory 1 2 3 4 CFTR CLCN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KA KB CLIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 L1 CLNS 1A 1B

H⁺: Proton channel	HVCN1

M⁺: CNG cation channel	α 1 2 3 4 β 1 2 3 HCN FC 1 2 3 4

M⁺: TRP cation channel	TRPA (1) TRPC 1 2 3 4 4AP 5 6 7 TRPM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TRPML 1 2 3 TRPN TRPP 1 2 TRPV 1 2 3 4 5 6

H₂O (+ solutes): Porin	Aquaporin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 2 3 General bacterial porin family

Cytoplasm: Gap junction	Connexin: A GJA1 GJA3 GJA4 GJA5 GJA8 GJA9 GJA10 B GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GJB4 GJB5 GJB6 GJB7 C GJC1 GJC2 GJC3 D GJD2 GJD3 GJD4) Innexin

By gating mechanism

Ion channel class	Ligand-gated Light-gated Voltage-gated Stretch-activated

see also disorders

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