P-glycoprotein

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1

Crystallographic structure of the mouse MDR3 protein. The approximate positioning of the protein in the cell membrane is indicated by the blue (extracellular face) and red (cytoplasmic face) lines. The protein is depicted as a rainbow colored cartoon (N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red). A cyclic peptide inhibitor QZ59 is represented by a space-filling model.[1]
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols ABCB1 ; ABC20; CD243; CLCS; GP170; MDR1; P-GP; PGY1
External IDs OMIM: 171050 MGI: 97570 HomoloGene: 55496 ChEMBL: 4302 GeneCards: ABCB1 Gene
EC number 3.6.3.44
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 5243 18671
Ensembl ENSG00000085563 ENSMUSG00000040584
UniProt P08183 P21447
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000927 NM_011076
RefSeq (protein) NP_000918 NP_035206
Location (UCSC) Chr 7:
87.5 – 87.71 Mb		 Chr 5:
8.66 – 8.75 Mb
PubMed search
ABCB1 is differentially expressed in 97 experiments [93 up/106 dn]: 26 organism parts: kidney [2 up/0 dn], bone marrow [0 up/2 dn], ...; 29 disease states: normal [10 up/3 dn], glioblastoma [0 up/2 dn], ...; 30 cell types, 22 cell lines, 11 compound treatments and 16 other conditions.
Factor Value Factor Up/Down
Legend: - number of studies the gene is up/down in
Normal Disease state 10/3
None Compound treatment 3/0
Stromal cell Cell type 1/2
Kidney Cell type 2/0
MDA-MB-231 Cell line 0/2
Glioblastoma Disease state 0/2
Epithelial cell Cell type 0/2
HeLa Cell line 0/2
Primary Disease staging 2/0
Bone marrow Organism part 0/2
ABCB1 expression data in ATLAS

P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells. More formally, it is an ATP-dependent efflux pump with broad substrate specificity. It exists in animals, fungi and bacteria and likely evolved as a defense mechanism against harmful substances.

P-gp is extensively distributed and expressed in the intestinal epithelium where it pumps xenobiotics (such as toxins or drugs) back into the intestinal lumen, in liver cells where it pumps them into bile ducts, in the cells of the proximal tubule of the kidney where it pumps them into urine-conducting ducts, and in the capillary endothelial cells composing the blood–brain barrier and blood-testis barrier, where it pumps them back into the capillaries. Some cancer cells also express large amounts of P-gp, which renders these cancers multi-drug resistant.

P-gp is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB1 gene.[2] P-gp is a well-characterized ABC-transporter (which transports a wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes) of the MDR/TAP subfamily.[3]

P-gp was discovered in 1971 by Victor Ling.

Function

The protein belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. P-gp is an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump for xenobiotic compounds with broad substrate specificity. It is responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells and often mediates the development of resistance to anticancer drugs. This protein also functions as a transporter in the blood–brain barrier.[4]

P-gp transports various substrates across the cell membrane including:

Its ability to transport the above substrates accounts for the many roles of P-gp including:

It is inhibited by many drugs, such as:[5]

Structure

P-gp is a 170 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, which includes 10-15 kDa of N-terminal glycosylation. The N-terminal half of the molecule contains 6 transmembrane domains, followed by a large cytoplasmic domain with an ATP-binding site, and then a second section with 6 transmembrane domains and an ATP-binding site that shows over 65% of amino acid similarity with the first half of the polypeptide.[6] In 2009, the first structure of a mammalian P-glycoprotein was solved (3G5U).[7] The structure was derived from the mouse MDR3 gene product heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast. The structure of mouse P-gp is similar to structures of the bacterial ABC transporter MsbA (3B5W and 3B5X)[8] that adopt an inward facing conformation that is believed to be important for binding substrate along the inner leaflet of the membrane. Additional structures (3G60 and 3G61) of P-gp were also solved revealing the binding site(s) of two different cyclic peptide substrate/inhibitors. The promiscuous binding pocket of P-gp is lined with aromatic amino acid side chains. However, the murine P-gp structure is incomplete, missing an intermediate linker sequence proved to be essential for substrate recognition and ATP hydrolysis. Through Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations, this sequence was proved to have a direct impact in the transporter's structural stability (in the nucleotide-binding domains) and defining a lower boundary for the internal drug-binding pocket.[9]

Mechanism of action

Substrate enters P-gp either from an opening within the inner leaflet of the membrane or from an opening at the cytoplasmic side of the protein. ATP binds at the cytoplasmic side of the protein. Following binding of each, ATP hydrolysis shifts the substrate into a position to be excreted from the cell. Release of the phosphate (from the original ATP molecule) occurs concurrently with substrate excretion. ADP is released, and a new molecule of ATP binds to the secondary ATP-binding site. Hydrolysis and release of ADP and a phosphate molecule resets the protein, so that the process can start again.

Tissue distribution

P-gp is expressed primarily in certain cell types in the liver, pancreas, kidney, colon, and jejunum.[10] P-gp is also found in brain capillary endothelial cells.[11]

Detecting the activity of the transporter

Radioactive verapamil can be used for measuring P-gp function with positron emission tomography.[12]

P-gp is also used to differentiate transitional B-cells from naive B-cells. Dyes such as Rhodamine123 and MitoTracker Dyes from Invitrogen can be used to make this differentiation.[13]

History

P-gp was first cloned and characterized in 1976. It was shown to be responsible for conferring multidrug resistance upon mutant cultured cancer cells that had developed resistance to cytotoxic drugs.[3][14]

The structure of P-gp was resolved by x-ray crystallography in 2009.[7]

References

  1. ↑ PDB: 3G60​; Aller SG, Yu J, Ward A, Weng Y, Chittaboina S, Zhuo R, Harrell PM, Trinh YT, Zhang Q, Urbatsch IL, Chang G (March 2009). "Structure of P-glycoprotein reveals a molecular basis for poly-specific drug binding". Science 323 (5922): 1718–22. doi:10.1126/science.1168750. PMC 2720052. PMID 19325113.
  2. ↑ Ueda K, Clark DP, Chen CJ, Roninson IB, Gottesman MM, Pastan I (Jan 1987). "The human multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene. cDNA cloning and transcription initiation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 (2): 505–8. PMID 3027054.
  3. 1 2 3 Dean, Michael (2002-11-01). "The Human ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Superfamily". National Library of Medicine (US), NCBI. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  4. ↑ "Entrez Gene: ABCB1".
  5. ↑ "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers".
  6. ↑ Franck Viguié (1998-03-01). "ABCB1". Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  7. 1 2 Aller SG, Yu J, Ward A, Weng Y, Chittaboina S, Zhuo R, Harrell PM, Trinh YT, Zhang Q, Urbatsch IL, Chang G (Mar 2009). "Structure of P-glycoprotein reveals a molecular basis for poly-specific drug binding". Science (Science) 323 (5922): 1718–22. doi:10.1126/science.1168750. PMC 2720052. PMID 19325113.
  8. ↑ Ward A, Reyes CL, Yu J, Roth CB, Chang G (Nov 2007). "Flexibility in the ABC transporter MsbA: Alternating access with a twist". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (48): 19005–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709388104. PMC 2141898. PMID 18024585.
  9. ↑ Ferreira RJ, Ferreira MJ, Dos Santos DJ (Jun 2012). "Insights on P-Glycoprotein's Efflux Mechanism Obtained by Molecular Dynamics Simulations". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8 (6): 1853–64. doi:10.1021/ct300083m. PMID 26593820.
  10. ↑ Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Willingham MC (Nov 1987). "Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84 (21): 7735–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.21.7735. PMC 299375. PMID 2444983.
  11. ↑ Schinkel AH (Apr 1999). "P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 36 (2-3): 179–194. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00085-4. PMID 10837715.
  12. ↑ Luurtsema G, Windhorst AD, Mooijer MPJ, Herscheid A, Lammertsma AA, Franssen EJF (2002). "Fully automated high yield synthesis of (R)- and (S)-[C-11]verapamil for measuring P-glycoprotein function with positron emission tomography". Journal of Labelled Compounds & Radiopharmaceuticals 45 (14): 1199–1207. doi:10.1002/jlcr.632.
  13. ↑ Wirths S, Lanzavecchia A (Dec 2005). "ABCB1 transporter discriminates human resting naive B cells from cycling transitional and memory B cells". European Journal of Immunology 35 (12): 3433–41. doi:10.1002/eji.200535364. PMID 16259010.
  14. ↑ Juliano RL, Ling V (Nov 1976). "A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 455 (1): 152–62. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(76)90160-7. PMID 990323.

Further reading

  • Ling V (1997). "Multidrug resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 40 Suppl (7): S3–8. doi:10.1007/s002800051053. PMID 9272126. 
  • Kerb R, Hoffmeyer S, Brinkmann U (Feb 2001). "ABC drug transporters: hereditary polymorphisms and pharmacological impact in MDR1, MRP1 and MRP2". Pharmacogenomics 2 (1): 51–64. doi:10.1517/14622416.2.1.51. PMID 11258197. 
  • Akiyama S (Dec 2001). "[Mechanisms of drug resistance and reversal of the resistance]". Human Cell 14 (4): 257–60. PMID 11925925. 
  • Brinkmann U (2002). "Functional polymorphisms of the human multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene: correlation with P glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo". Novartis Foundation Symposium. Novartis Foundation Symposia 243: 207–10; discussion 210–2, 231–5. doi:10.1002/0470846356.ch15. ISBN 978-0-470-84635-3. PMID 11990778. 
  • Váradi A, Szakács G, Bakos E, Sarkadi B (2002). "P glycoprotein and the mechanism of multidrug resistance". Novartis Foundation Symposium. Novartis Foundation Symposia 243: 54–65; discussion 65–8, 180–5. doi:10.1002/0470846356.ch5. ISBN 978-0-470-84635-3. PMID 11990782. 
  • Hegedus T, Orfi L, Seprodi A, Váradi A, Sarkadi B, Kéri G (Jul 2002). "Interaction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with the human multidrug transporter proteins, MDR1 and MRP1". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1587 (2-3): 318–25. doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00095-9. PMID 12084474. 
  • Pallis M, Turzanski J, Higashi Y, Russell N (Jun 2002). "P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukaemia: therapeutic implications of its association with both a multidrug-resistant and an apoptosis-resistant phenotype". Leukemia & Lymphoma 43 (6): 1221–8. doi:10.1080/10428190290026277. PMID 12152989. 
  • Schaich M, Illmer T (Jul 2002). "Mdr1 gene expression and mutations in Ras proto-oncogenes in acute myeloid leukemia". Leukemia & Lymphoma 43 (7): 1345–54. doi:10.1080/10428190290033279. PMID 12389613. 
  • Fromm MF (Nov 2002). "The influence of MDR1 polymorphisms on P-glycoprotein expression and function in humans". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 (10): 1295–310. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00064-9. PMID 12406646. 
  • Ambudkar SV, Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Sauna ZE, Gottesman MM (Oct 2003). "P-glycoprotein: from genomics to mechanism". Oncogene 22 (47): 7468–85. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206948. PMID 14576852. 
  • Jamroziak K, Robak T (Apr 2004). "Pharmacogenomics of MDR1/ABCB1 gene: the influence on risk and clinical outcome of haematological malignancies". Hematology 9 (2): 91–105. doi:10.1080/10245330310001638974. PMID 15203864. 
  • Ishikawa T, Onishi Y, Hirano H, Oosumi K, Nagakura M, Tarui S (Jul 2004). "Pharmacogenomics of drug transporters: a new approach to functional analysis of the genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein/MDR1)". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27 (7): 939–48. doi:10.1248/bpb.27.939. PMID 15256718. 
  • Lee W, Lockhart AC, Kim RB, Rothenberg ML (Feb 2005). "Cancer pharmacogenomics: powerful tools in cancer chemotherapy and drug development". The Oncologist 10 (2): 104–11. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.10-2-104. PMID 15709212. 
  • Gambrelle J, Labialle S, Dayan G, Gayet L, Barakat S, Michaud M, Grange JD, Baggetto LG (Jun 2005). "[Multidrug resistance in uveal melanoma]". Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 28 (6): 652–9. doi:10.1016/s0181-5512(05)81112-x. PMID 16141933. 
  • Al-Shawi MK, Omote H (Dec 2005). "The remarkable transport mechanism of P-glycoprotein: a multidrug transporter". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 37 (6): 489–96. doi:10.1007/s10863-005-9497-5. PMC 1459968. PMID 16691488. 
  • Ferreira RJ, Ferreira MJ, Dos Santos DJ (Jun 2012). "Insights on P-Glycoprotein's Efflux Mechanism Obtained by Molecular Dynamics Simulations". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8 (6): 1853–64. doi:10.1021/ct300083m. PMID 26593820. 
  • Orlowski S, Martin S, Escargueil A (May 2006). "P-glycoprotein and 'lipid rafts': some ambiguous mutual relationships (floating on them, building them or meeting them by chance?)". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 63 (9): 1038–59. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5554-9. PMID 16721513. 
  • Annese V, Valvano MR, Palmieri O, Latiano A, Bossa F, Andriulli A (Jun 2006). "Multidrug resistance 1 gene in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis". World Journal of Gastroenterology 12 (23): 3636–44. PMID 16773678. 
  • Sekine I, Minna JD, Nishio K, Tamura T, Saijo N (Jan 2006). "A literature review of molecular markers predictive of clinical response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 1 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1097/01243894-200601000-00008. PMID 17409824. 
  • Kumar YS, Adukondalu D, Sathish D, Vishnu YV, Ramesh G, Latha AB, Reddy PC, Sarangapani M, Rao YM (2010). "P-Glycoprotein- and cytochrome P-450-mediated herbal drug interactions". Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 25 (1-4): 3–16. doi:10.1515/DMDI.2010.006. PMID 21417789. 
  • Shityakov S, Förster C (2013). "Multidrug resistance protein P-gp interaction with nanoparticles (fullerenes and carbon nanotube) to assess their drug delivery potential: a theoretical molecular docking study". International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design 6 (4): 343–57. doi:10.1504/IJCBDD.2013.056801. PMID 24088267. 
  • Shityakov S, Förster C (2014). "In silico structure-based screening of versatile P-glycoprotein inhibitors using polynomial empirical scoring functions". Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry 7 (7): 1–9. doi:10.2147/AABC.S56046. PMID 24711707. 
  • Schinkel AH (Apr 1999). "P-Glycoprotein, a gatekeeper in the blood-brain barrier". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 36 (2-3): 179–194. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00085-4. PMID 10837715. 

External links

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