Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

Anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase

Human anaplastic lymphoma kinase in complex with crizotinib. PDB 2xp2[1]
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols ALK ; CD246; NBLST3
External IDs OMIM: 105590 MGI: 103305 HomoloGene: 68387 ChEMBL: 4247 GeneCards: ALK Gene
EC number 2.7.10.1
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 238 11682
Ensembl ENSG00000171094 ENSMUSG00000055471
UniProt Q9UM73 P97793
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_004304 NM_007439
RefSeq (protein) NP_004295 NP_031465
Location (UCSC) Chr 2:
29.19 – 29.92 Mb		 Chr 17:
71.87 – 72.6 Mb
PubMed search

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) also known as ALK tyrosine kinase receptor or CD246 (cluster of differentiation 246) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALK gene.[2][3]

Function

ALK plays an important role in the development of the brain and exerts its effects on specific neurons in the nervous system.[3]

The deduced amino acid sequences reveal that ALK is a novel receptor tyrosine kinase having a putative transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain. These sequences are absent in the product of the transforming NPM-ALK gene.[4] ALK shows the greatest sequence similarity to LTK (leukocyte tyrosine kinase).

Pathology

The ALK gene can be oncogenic in three ways – by forming a fusion gene with any of several other genes, by gaining additional gene copies or with mutations of the actual DNA code for the gene itself.

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma

The 2;5 chromosomal translocation is associated with approximately 60% anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs). The translocation creates a fusion gene consisting of the ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) gene and the nucleophosmin (NPM) gene: the 3' half of ALK, derived from chromosome 2 and coding for the catalytic domain, is fused to the 5' portion of NPM from chromosome 5. The product of the NPM-ALK fusion gene is oncogenic. In a smaller fraction of ALCL patients, the 3' half of ALK is fused to the 5' sequence of TPM3 gene, encoding for tropomyosin 3. In rare cases, ALK is fused to other 5' fusion partners, such as TFG, ATIC, CLTC1, TPM4, MSN, ALO17, MYH9.[5]

Adenocarcinoma of the lung

The EML4-ALK fusion gene is responsible for approximately 3-5% of non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC). The vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. The standard test used to detect this gene in tumor samples is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) by a US FDA approved kit. Recently Roche Ventana obtained approval in China and European Union countries to test this mutation by immunohistochemistry. Other techniques like reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) can also be used to detect lung cancers with an ALK gene fusion but not recommended. ALK lung cancers are found in patients of all ages, although on average these patients tend to be younger. ALK lung cancers are more common in light cigarette smokers or nonsmokers, but a significant number of patients with this disease are current or former cigarette smokers. EML4-ALK-rearrangement in NSCLC is exclusive and not found in EGFR- or KRAS-mutated tumors.[6]

Gene rearrangements and overexpression in other tumours

ALK inhibitors

Main article: ALK inhibitor

Xalkori (crizotinib), produced by Pfizer, was approved by the FDA for treatment of late stage lung cancer on August 26, 2011.[21] Early results of an initial Phase I trial with 82 patients with ALK induced lung cancer showed an overall response rate of 57%, a disease control rate at 8 weeks of 87% and progression free survival at 6 months of 72%.

Ceritinib was approved by the FDA in April 2014 for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have progressed on or are intolerant to crizotinib.[22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cui JJ, Tran-Dubé M, Shen H, Nambu M, Kung PP, Pairish M, et al. (September 2011). "Structure based drug design of crizotinib (PF-02341066), a potent and selective dual inhibitor of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) kinase and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)". J. Med. Chem. 54 (18): 6342–63. doi:10.1021/jm2007613. PMID 21812414.
  2. ↑ Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, Look AT (Mar 1994). "Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". Science 263 (5151): 1281–4. doi:10.1126/science.8122112. PMID 8122112.
  3. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Ki-1)".
  4. ↑ Iwahara T, Fujimoto J, Wen D, Cupples R, Bucay N, Arakawa T, Mori S, Ratzkin B, Yamamoto T (Jan 1997). "Molecular characterization of ALK, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed specifically in the nervous system". Oncogene 14 (4): 439–49. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1200849. PMID 9053841.
  5. ↑ Mologni L (Jul 2012). "Inhibitors of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 21 (7): 985–94. doi:10.1517/13543784.2012.690031. PMID 22612599.
  6. ↑ Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, Nicholson AG, Geisinger KR, Yatabe Y, et al. (Feb 2011). "International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 6 (2): 244–85. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221. PMC 4513953. PMID 21252716.
  7. ↑ Mossé YP, Laudenslager M, Longo L, Cole KA, Wood A, Attiyeh EF, Laquaglia MJ, Sennett R, Lynch JE, Perri P, Laureys G, Speleman F, Kim C, Hou C, Hakonarson H, Torkamani A, Schork NJ, Brodeur GM, Tonini GP, Rappaport E, Devoto M, Maris JM (Oct 2008). "Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene". Nature 455 (7215): 930–5. doi:10.1038/nature07261. PMC 2672043. PMID 18724359. Lay summary – PRNewswire-USNewswire.
  8. ↑ Cools J, Wlodarska I, Somers R, Mentens N, Pedeutour F, Maes B, De Wolf-Peeters C, Pauwels P, Hagemeijer A, Marynen P (Aug 2002). "Identification of novel fusion partners of ALK, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase, in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer 34 (4): 354–62. doi:10.1002/gcc.10033. PMID 12112524.
  9. ↑ Lawrence B, Perez-Atayde A, Hibbard MK, Rubin BP, Dal Cin P, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, Xiao S, Yi ES, Fletcher CD, Fletcher JA (Aug 2000). "TPM3-ALK and TPM4-ALK oncogenes in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors". The American Journal of Pathology 157 (2): 377–84. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64550-6. PMC 1850130. PMID 10934142.
  10. ↑ Sukov WR, Hodge JC, Lohse CM, Akre MK, Leibovich BC, Thompson RH, Cheville JC (Nov 2012). "ALK alterations in adult renal cell carcinoma: frequency, clinicopathologic features and outcome in a large series of consecutively treated patients". Modern Pathology 25 (11): 1516–25. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.107. PMID 22743654.
  11. ↑ Sugawara E, Togashi Y, Kuroda N, Sakata S, Hatano S, Asaka R, Yuasa T, Yonese J, Kitagawa M, Mano H, Ishikawa Y, Takeuchi K (Sep 2012). "Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusions in renal cancer: large-scale immunohistochemical screening by the intercalated antibody-enhanced polymer method". Cancer 118 (18): 4427–36. doi:10.1002/cncr.27391. PMID 22252991.
  12. ↑ Debelenko LV, Raimondi SC, Daw N, Shivakumar BR, Huang D, Nelson M, Bridge JA (Mar 2011). "Renal cell carcinoma with novel VCL-ALK fusion: new representative of ALK-associated tumor spectrum". Modern Pathology 24 (3): 430–42. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2010.213. PMID 21076462.
  13. ↑ Mariño-Enríquez A, Ou WB, Weldon CB, Fletcher JA, Pérez-Atayde AR (Mar 2011). "ALK rearrangement in sickle cell trait-associated renal medullary carcinoma". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer 50 (3): 146–53. doi:10.1002/gcc.20839. PMID 21213368.
  14. ↑ Jazii FR, Najafi Z, Malekzadeh R, Conrads TP, Ziaee AA, Abnet C, Yazdznbod M, Karkhane AA, Salekdeh GH (Nov 2006). "Identification of squamous cell carcinoma associated proteins by proteomics and loss of beta tropomyosin expression in esophageal cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology 12 (44): 7104–12. PMID 17131471.
  15. ↑ Yaakup H, Sagap I, Fadilah SA (Oct 2008). "Primary oesophageal Ki (CD30)-positive ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma of T-cell phenotype". Singapore Medical Journal 49 (10): e289–92. PMID 18946602.
  16. 1 2 Lin E, Li L, Guan Y, Soriano R, Rivers CS, Mohan S, Pandita A, Tang J, Modrusan Z (Sep 2009). "Exon array profiling detects EML4-ALK fusion in breast, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancers". Molecular Cancer Research 7 (9): 1466–76. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0522. PMID 19737969.
  17. ↑ Tuma RS (Jan 2012). "ALK gene amplified in most inflammatory breast cancers". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 104 (2): 87–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr553. PMID 22215853.
  18. ↑ Powers C, Aigner A, Stoica GE, McDonnell K, Wellstein A (Apr 2002). "Pleiotrophin signaling through anaplastic lymphoma kinase is rate-limiting for glioblastoma growth". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (16): 14153–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112354200. PMID 11809760.
  19. ↑ Stoica GE, Kuo A, Aigner A, Sunitha I, Souttou B, Malerczyk C, Caughey DJ, Wen D, Karavanov A, Riegel AT, Wellstein A (May 2001). "Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a receptor for the growth factor pleiotrophin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (20): 16772–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010660200. PMID 11278720.
  20. ↑ Murugan AK, Xing M (Jul 2011). "Anaplastic thyroid cancers harbor novel oncogenic mutations of the ALK gene". Cancer Research 71 (13): 4403–11. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-4041. PMC 3129369. PMID 21596819.
  21. ↑ "Xalkori Approved for Lung Cancer". FDA.
  22. ↑ "ZYKADIA (ceritinib) capsules, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 2014" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration.

Further reading

External links

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