TFAP2C

Transcription factor AP-2 gamma (activating enhancer binding protein 2 gamma)
Identifiers
Symbols	TFAP2C ; AP2-GAMMA; ERF1; TFAP2G; hAP-2g
External IDs	OMIM: 601602 MGI: 106032 HomoloGene: 2423 GeneCards: TFAP2C Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding • core promoter binding • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding • transcriptional repressor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding • DNA binding • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • protein binding • protein dimerization activity Cellular component • nucleus Biological process • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • trophectodermal cell differentiation • hair follicle development • keratinocyte development • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • cell-cell signaling • male gonad development • forebrain neuron fate commitment • cerebral cortex development • germ-line stem cell maintenance • somatic stem cell maintenance • regulation of gene expression, epigenetic • regulation of cell proliferation • regulation of epidermis development • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • sebaceous gland development • dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis • epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7022	21420
Ensembl	ENSG00000087510	ENSMUSG00000028640
UniProt	Q92754	Q61312
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_003222	NM_001159696
RefSeq (protein)	NP_003213	NP_001153168
Location (UCSC)	Chr 20: 56.63 – 56.64 Mb	Chr 2: 172.55 – 172.56 Mb
PubMed search

Transcription factor AP-2 gamma also known as AP2-gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAP2C gene.^[1] AP2-gamma is a member of the activating protein 2 family of transcription factors.

Transcription factor AP-2 gamma is involved in early development, specifically morphogenesis - the formation of shape. AP2-gamma can regulate gene transcription by interacting with viral and cellular enhancing components and binding to the sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3’. AP2-gamma activates genes that are important for placenta development and retinoic acid-mediated differentiation of the eyes, face, body wall, limbs, and neural tube. AP2-gamma also suppresses genes such as MYC and C/EBP alpha. It also represses CD44 expression, which is a cell marker for some breast and prostate cancers. Mutations of this transcription factor can lead to poorly developed placenta and tissues. A mutated AP2-gamma gene is known to cause branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS), which is a disease characterized by face and neck abnormalities, such as cleft lip or anophthalmia – lack of eyeballs, that have developed prior to birth. Complete knockout of the TAP2C gene that encoded AP-2 gamma leads to placenta malformation and embryonic/fetal death.

References

1. Williamson JA, Bosher JM, Skinner A, Sheer D, Williams T, Hurst HC (July 1996). "Chromosomal mapping of the human and mouse homologues of two new members of the AP-2 family of transcription factors". Genomics 35 (1): 262–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0351. PMID 8661133.

Auman, H. J., T. Nottoli, O. Lakiza, Q. Winger, S. Donaldson, and T. Williams. "Transcription Factor AP-2gamma Is Essential in the Extra-embryonic Lineages for Early Postimplantation Development." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, June 2002. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Bogachek, M. V., and R. J. Weigel. "TFAP2C (transcription Factor AP-2 Gamma (activating Enhancer Binding Protein 2 Gamma))." TFAP2C (transcription Factor AP-2 Gamma(activating Enhancer Binding Protein 2 Gamma)). Oct. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

"Branchio-oculo-facial Syndrome." Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 7 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

"Genes and Mapped Phenotypes." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

"Transcription Factor AP-2 Gamma - TFAP2C - Homo sapiens (Human)." Transcription Factor AP-2 Gamma - TFAP2C - Homo sapiens (Human). UniProtKB, 19 Mar. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Further reading

• Pauls K, Jäger R, Weber S, et al. (2005). "Transcription factor AP-2gamma, a novel marker of gonocytes and seminomatous germ cell tumors.". Int. J. Cancer 115 (3): 470–7. doi:10.1002/ijc.20913. PMID 15700319.
• Aqeilan RI, Palamarchuk A, Weigel RJ, et al. (2004). "Physical and functional interactions between the Wwox tumor suppressor protein and the AP-2gamma transcription factor.". Cancer Res. 64 (22): 8256–61. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2055. PMID 15548692.
• Woodfield GW, Hitchler MJ, Chen Y, et al. (2009). "Interaction of TFAP2C with the estrogen receptor-alpha promoter is controlled by chromatin structure.". Clin. Cancer Res. 15 (11): 3672–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2343. PMC 2776721. PMID 19458056.
• Williams CM, Scibetta AG, Friedrich JK, et al. (2009). "AP-2gamma promotes proliferation in breast tumour cells by direct repression of the CDKN1A gene.". EMBO J. 28 (22): 3591–601. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.290. PMC 2782101. PMID 19798054.
• Orso F, Penna E, Cimino D, et al. (2008). "AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma regulate tumor progression via specific genetic programs.". FASEB J. 22 (8): 2702–14. doi:10.1096/fj.08-106492. PMID 18443366.
• Li H, Watts GS, Oshiro MM, et al. (2006). "AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma are transcriptional targets of p53 in human breast carcinoma cells.". Oncogene 25 (39): 5405–15. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209534. PMID 16636674.
• Zhao C, Yasui K, Lee CJ, et al. (2003). "Elevated expression levels of NCOA3, TOP1, and TFAP2C in breast tumors as predictors of poor prognosis.". Cancer 98 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1002/cncr.11482. PMID 12833450.
• Pellikainen JM, Ropponen KM, Kataja VV, et al. (2004). "Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer with a special reference to activator protein-2, HER2, and prognosis.". Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (22): 7621–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1061. PMID 15569994.
• Woodfield GW, Horan AD, Chen Y, Weigel RJ (2007). "TFAP2C controls hormone response in breast cancer cells through multiple pathways of estrogen signaling.". Cancer Res. 67 (18): 8439–43. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2293. PMID 17875680.
• Bragança J, Eloranta JJ, Bamforth SD; et al. (2003). "Physical and functional interactions among AP-2 transcription factors, p300/CREB-binding protein, and CITED2.". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (18): 16021–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208144200. PMID 12586840.
• Friedrichs N, Steiner S, Buettner R, Knoepfle G (2007). "Immunohistochemical expression patterns of AP2alpha and AP2gamma in the developing fetal human breast.". Histopathology 51 (6): 814–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02887.x. PMID 18042070.
• Li H, Goswami PC, Domann FE (2006). "AP-2gamma induces p21 expression, arrests cell cycle, and inhibits the tumor growth of human carcinoma cells.". Neoplasia 8 (7): 568–77. doi:10.1593/neo.06367. PMC 1601932. PMID 16867219.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
• Li M, Kellems RE (2003). "Sp1 and Sp3 Are important regulators of AP-2gamma gene transcription.". Biol. Reprod. 69 (4): 1220–30. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.015545. PMID 12801994.
• Orso F, Cottone E, Hasleton MD, et al. (2004). "Activator protein-2gamma (AP-2gamma) expression is specifically induced by oestrogens through binding of the oestrogen receptor to a canonical element within the 5'-untranslated region.". Biochem. J. 377 (Pt 2): 429–38. doi:10.1042/BJ20031133. PMC 1223884. PMID 14565844.
• Guler G, Huebner K, Himmetoglu C, et al. (2009). "Fragile histidine triad protein, WW domain-containing oxidoreductase protein Wwox, and activator protein 2gamma expression levels correlate with basal phenotype in breast cancer.". Cancer 115 (4): 899–908. doi:10.1002/cncr.24103. PMC 2640223. PMID 19130459.
• Guler G, Iliopoulos D, Guler N, et al. (2007). "Wwox and Ap2gamma expression levels predict tamoxifen response.". Clin. Cancer Res. 13 (20): 6115–21. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1282. PMID 17947476.
• Kotani T, Iwase A, Ino K, et al. (2009). "Activator protein-2 impairs the invasion of a human extravillous trophoblast cell line.". Endocrinology 150 (9): 4376–85. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1645. PMID 19443578.
• Ailan H, Xiangwen X, Daolong R, et al. (2009). "Identification of target genes of transcription factor activator protein 2 gamma in breast cancer cells.". BMC Cancer 9: 279. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-9-279. PMC 3224728. PMID 19671168.

External links

• TFAP2C protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• FactorBook AP-2gamma