DLX3

Distal-less homeobox 3
Identifiers
Symbols	DLX3 ; AI4; TDO
External IDs	OMIM: 600525 MGI: 94903 HomoloGene: 74544 GeneCards: DLX3 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding • chromatin binding • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • sequence-specific DNA binding Cellular component • nucleus Biological process • blood vessel development • placenta development • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • odontoblast differentiation Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1747	13393
Ensembl	ENSG00000064195	ENSMUSG00000001510
UniProt	O60479	Q64205
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_005220	NM_010055
RefSeq (protein)	NP_005211	NP_034185
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 49.99 – 50 Mb	Chr 11: 95.12 – 95.13 Mb
PubMed search

Homeobox protein DLX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX3 gene.^[1][2]

Function

Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Specifically, colocalization of phosphorylated Smad1 / 5 / 8 complex and Dlx3 regulate role for BMP signaling to Dlx3 during hair morphogenesis in animal models.^[3][4]

Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. Members of the Dlx gene family contain a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. This gene is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the gene family on the long arm of chromosome 17.^[2]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant conditions trichodentoosseous syndrome (TDO) and amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism.^[2]

References

1. Scherer SW, Heng HH, Robinson GW, Mahon KA, Evans JP, Tsui LC (Aug 1995). "Assignment of the human homolog of mouse Dlx3 to chromosome 17q21.3-q22 by analysis of somatic cell hybrids and fluorescence in situ hybridization". Mamm Genome 6 (4): 310–1. doi:10.1007/BF00352432. PMID 7613049.
2. "Entrez Gene: DLX3 distal-less homeobox 3".
3. Hwang J, Mehrani T, Millar SE, Morasso MI (September 2008). "Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling". Development 135 (18): 3149–59. doi:10.1242/dev.022202. PMC 2707782. PMID 18684741.
4. Park GT, Morasso MI (January 2002). "Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) transactivates Dlx3 through Smad1 and Smad4: alternative mode for Dlx3 induction in mouse keratinocytes". Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (2): 515–22. doi:10.1093/nar/30.2.515. PMC 99823. PMID 11788714.

Further reading

• Morasso MI, Radoja N (2005). "Dlx Genes, p63, and Ectodermal Dysplasias". Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 75 (3): 163–71. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20047. PMC 1317295. PMID 16187309.
• Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
• Nakamura S, Stock DW, Wydner KL, et al. (1997). "Genomic analysis of a new mammalian distal-less gene: Dlx7". Genomics 38 (3): 314–24. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0634. PMID 8975708.
• Price JA, Bowden DW, Wright JT, et al. (1998). "Identification of a mutation in DLX3 associated with tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome". Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 (3): 563–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/7.3.563. PMID 9467018.
• Roberson MS, Meermann S, Morasso MI, et al. (2001). "A role for the homeobox protein Distal-less 3 in the activation of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit gene in choriocarcinoma cells". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (13): 10016–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007481200. PMID 11113121.
• Park GT, Denning MF, Morasso MI (2001). "Phosphorylation of murine homeodomain protein Dlx3 by protein kinase C". FEBS Lett. 496 (1): 60–5. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02398-5. PMC 1283141. PMID 11343707.
• Peng L, Payne AH (2002). "AP-2 gamma and the homeodomain protein distal-less 3 are required for placental-specific expression of the murine 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase VI gene, Hsd3b6". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (10): 7945–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106765200. PMID 11773066.
• Sumiyama K, Irvine SQ, Stock DW, et al. (2002). "Genomic structure and functional control of the Dlx3-7 bigene cluster". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2): 780–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.012584999. PMC 117382. PMID 11792834.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, et al. (2003). "Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis". Exp. Cell Res. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157.
• Holland MP, Bliss SP, Berghorn KA, Roberson MS (2004). "A role for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta in the basal regulation of the distal-less 3 gene promoter in placental cells". Endocrinology 145 (3): 1096–105. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0777. PMID 14670999.
• Haldeman RJ, Cooper LF, Hart TC, et al. (2005). "Increased bone density associated with DLX3 mutation in the tricho-dento-osseous syndrome". Bone 35 (4): 988–97. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.06.003. PMID 15454107.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
• Dong J, Amor D, Aldred MJ, et al. (2005). "DLX3 mutation associated with autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 133 (2): 138–41. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30521. PMID 15666299.
• Islam M, Lurie AG, Reichenberger E (2006). "Clinical features of tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and presentation of three new cases: an addition to clinical heterogeneity". Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 100 (6): 736–42. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.04.017. PMID 16301156.
• Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, et al. (2007). "Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries". DNA Res. 12 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. PMID 16303743.
• Morsczeck C (2006). "Gene expression of runx2, Osterix, c-fos, DLX-3, DLX-5, and MSX-2 in dental follicle cells during osteogenic differentiation in vitro". Calcif. Tissue Int. 78 (2): 98–102. doi:10.1007/s00223-005-0146-0. PMID 16467978.
• Berghorn KA, Clark-Campbell PA, Han L, et al. (2006). "Smad6 represses Dlx3 transcriptional activity through inhibition of DNA binding". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (29): 20357–67. doi:10.1074/jbc.M603049200. PMID 16687405.

External links

• DLX3 protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.