Forkhead box C1

Forkhead box C1
PDB rendering based on 1d5v.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1d5v​
Identifiers
Symbols	FOXC1 ; ARA; FKHL7; FREAC-3; FREAC3; IGDA; IHG1; IRID1; RIEG3
External IDs	OMIM: 601090 MGI: 1347466 HomoloGene: 20373 GeneCards: FOXC1 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding • DNA binding • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding • protein binding • transcription factor binding • DNA binding, bending • sequence-specific DNA binding • transcription regulatory region DNA binding Cellular component • nucleus • nucleoplasm • nuclear heterochromatin • cytoplasm Biological process • skeletal system development • ossification • ovarian follicle development • eye development • ureteric bud development • in utero embryonic development • somitogenesis • lymph vessel development • blood vessel remodeling • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • Notch signaling pathway • brain development • heart development • cell proliferation • germ cell migration • mesenchymal cell development • neural crest cell development • cell migration • negative regulation of angiogenesis • cell differentiation • collagen fibril organization • glycosaminoglycan metabolic process • lacrimal gland development • embryonic heart tube development • maintenance of lens transparency • vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway • odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth • camera-type eye development • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of organ growth • vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway • paraxial mesoderm formation • artery morphogenesis • regulation of blood vessel size • ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis • cardiac muscle cell proliferation • negative regulation of lymphangiogenesis • positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation • positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation • negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2296	17300
Ensembl	ENSG00000054598	ENSMUSG00000050295
UniProt	Q12948	Q61572
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001453	NM_008592
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001444	NP_032618
Location (UCSC)	Chr 6: 1.61 – 1.61 Mb	Chr 13: 31.81 – 31.81 Mb
PubMed search

Forkhead box C1, also known as FOXC1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FOXC1 gene.^[1][2][3]

Function

This gene belongs to the forkhead family of transcription factors which is characterized by a distinct DNA-binding fork head domain. The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, it has been shown to play a role in the regulation of embryonic and ocular development. Mutations in this gene cause various glaucoma phenotypes including primary congenital glaucoma, autosomal dominant iridogoniodysgenesis anomaly, and Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly.^[1]

Heart development and somitogenesis

FOXC1 and its close relative, FOXC2 are both critical components in the development of the heart and blood vessels, as well as the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm and the formation of somites. Expression of the Fox proteins range from low levels in the posterior pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) to the highest levels in the anterior PSM. Homozygous mutant embryos for both Fox proteins failed to form somites 1-8, which indicates the importance of these proteins early on in somite development.^[4]

In cardiac morphogenesis, FOXC1 and FOXC2 are required for the proper development of the cardiac outflow tract.The outflow tract forms from a cell population known as the secondary heart field. The Fox proteins are transcribed in the secondary heart field where they regulate the expression of key signaling molecules such as Fgf8, Fgf10, Tbx1, Isl1, and Bmp4.^[5]

Role in cancer

FOXC1 induces the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a process where epithelial cells separate from surrounding cells and begin migration. This process is involved in metastasis, giving FOXC1 a crucial role in cancer. The over expression of FOXC1 results in the up-regulation of fibronectin, vimentin, and N-cadherin, which contribute to cellular migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The knockout of FOXC1 in human NPC cells down-regulated vimentin, fibronectin, and N-cadherin expression.^[6]

FOXC1 transcription factor regulates EMT in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). Activation of SMO-dependent Hedgehog signaling by FOXC1 alters the cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in BLBC cells. These CSCs, which are regulated by FOXC1 signaling, contribute to tumor proliferation, tissue invasion, and relapse.^[7]

See also

• FOX proteins

References

1. "Entrez Gene: FOXC1 forkhead box C1".
2. Pierrou S, Hellqvist M, Samuelsson L, Enerbäck S, Carlsson P (October 1994). "Cloning and characterization of seven human forkhead proteins: binding site specificity and DNA bending". The EMBO Journal 13 (20): 5002–12. PMC 395442. PMID 7957066.
3. Nishimura DY, Swiderski RE, Alward WL, Searby CC, Patil SR, Bennet SR, Kanis AB, Gastier JM, Stone EM, Sheffield VC (June 1998). "The forkhead transcription factor gene FKHL7 is responsible for glaucoma phenotypes which map to 6p25". Nature Genetics 19 (2): 140–7. doi:10.1038/493. PMID 9620769.
4. Kume T, Jiang H, Topczewska JM, Hogan BL (September 2001). "The murine winged helix transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are both required for cardiovascular development and somitogenesis". Genes & Development 15 (18): 2470–82. doi:10.1101/gad.907301. PMC 312788. PMID 11562355.
5. Seo S, Kume T. Forkhead transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are required for the morphogenesis of the cardiac outflow tract. Developmental biology. 2006:421-436.
6. Ou-Yang L, Xiao SJ, Liu P, Yi SJ, Zhang XL, Ou-Yang S, Tan SK, Lei X (December 2015). "Forkhead box C1 induces epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and is a potential therapeutic target in nasopharyngeal carcinoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 12 (6): 8003–9. doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4427. PMC 4758279. PMID 26461269.
7. Han B, Qu Y, Jin Y, Yu Y, Deng N, Wawrowsky K, Zhang X, Li N, Bose S, Wang Q, Sakkiah S, Abrol R, Jensen TW, Berman BP, Tanaka H, Johnson J, Gao B, Hao J, Liu Z, Buttyan R, Ray PS, Hung MC, Giuliano AE, Cui X (November 2015). "FOXC1 Activates Smoothened-Independent Hedgehog Signaling in Basal-like Breast Cancer". Cell Reports 13 (5): 1046–58. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.063. PMC 4806384. PMID 26565916.

Further reading

• Sperling R, Bustin M (July 1975). "Dynamic equilibrium in histone assembly: self-assembly of single histones and histone pairs". Biochemistry 14 (15): 3322–31. doi:10.1021/bi00686a006. PMID 1170889.
• Pierrou S, Hellqvist M, Samuelsson L, Enerbäck S, Carlsson P (October 1994). "Cloning and characterization of seven human forkhead proteins: binding site specificity and DNA bending". The EMBO Journal 13 (20): 5002–12. PMC 395442. PMID 7957066.
• Hromas R, Moore J, Johnston T, Socha C, Klemsz M (June 1993). "Drosophila forkhead homologues are expressed in a lineage-restricted manner in human hematopoietic cells". Blood 81 (11): 2854–9. PMID 8499623.
• Larsson C, Hellqvist M, Pierrou S, White I, Enerbäck S, Carlsson P (December 1995). "Chromosomal localization of six human forkhead genes, freac-1 (FKHL5), -3 (FKHL7), -4 (FKHL8), -5 (FKHL9), -6 (FKHL10), and -8 (FKHL12)". Genomics 30 (3): 464–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1266. PMID 8825632.
• Longhurst TJ, O'Neill GM, Harvie RM, Davey RA (November 1996). "The anthracycline resistance-associated (ara) gene, a novel gene associated with multidrug resistance in a human leukaemia cell line". British Journal of Cancer 74 (9): 1331–5. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.545. PMC 2074757. PMID 8912525.
• Mears AJ, Mirzayans F, Gould DB, Pearce WG, Walter MA (December 1996). "Autosomal dominant iridogoniodysgenesis anomaly maps to 6p25". American Journal of Human Genetics 59 (6): 1321–7. PMC 1914875. PMID 8940278.
• Gould DB, Mears AJ, Pearce WG, Walter MA (September 1997). "Autosomal dominant Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly maps to 6p25". American Journal of Human Genetics 61 (3): 765–8. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64340-7. PMC 1715932. PMID 9326342.
• Jordan T, Ebenezer N, Manners R, McGill J, Bhattacharya S (October 1997). "Familial glaucoma iridogoniodysplasia maps to a 6p25 region implicated in primary congenital glaucoma and iridogoniodysgenesis anomaly". American Journal of Human Genetics 61 (4): 882–8. doi:10.1086/514874. PMC 1715988. PMID 9382099.
• Nishimura DY, Swiderski RE, Alward WL, Searby CC, Patil SR, Bennet SR, Kanis AB, Gastier JM, Stone EM, Sheffield VC (June 1998). "The forkhead transcription factor gene FKHL7 is responsible for glaucoma phenotypes which map to 6p25". Nature Genetics 19 (2): 140–7. doi:10.1038/493. PMID 9620769.
• Mears AJ, Jordan T, Mirzayans F, Dubois S, Kume T, Parlee M, Ritch R, Koop B, Kuo WL, Collins C, Marshall J, Gould DB, Pearce W, Carlsson P, Enerbäck S, Morissette J, Bhattacharya S, Hogan B, Raymond V, Walter MA (November 1998). "Mutations of the forkhead/winged-helix gene, FKHL7, in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly". American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (5): 1316–28. doi:10.1086/302109. PMC 1377542. PMID 9792859.
• Swiderski RE, Reiter RS, Nishimura DY, Alward WL, Kalenak JW, Searby CS, Stone EM, Sheffield VC, Lin JJ (September 1999). "Expression of the Mf1 gene in developing mouse hearts: implication in the development of human congenital heart defects". Developmental Dynamics 216 (1): 16–27. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199909)216:1<16::AID-DVDY4>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 10474162.
• Mirzayans F, Gould DB, Héon E, Billingsley GD, Cheung JC, Mears AJ, Walter MA (January 2000). "Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome resulting from mutation of the FKHL7 gene on chromosome 6p25". European Journal of Human Genetics 8 (1): 71–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200354. PMID 10713890.
• Lehmann OJ, Ebenezer ND, Jordan T, Fox M, Ocaka L, Payne A, Leroy BP, Clark BJ, Hitchings RA, Povey S, Khaw PT, Bhattacharya SS (November 2000). "Chromosomal duplication involving the forkhead transcription factor gene FOXC1 causes iris hypoplasia and glaucoma". American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (5): 1129–35. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62943-7. PMC 1288555. PMID 11007653.
• Nishimura DY, Searby CC, Alward WL, Walton D, Craig JE, Mackey DA, Kawase K, Kanis AB, Patil SR, Stone EM, Sheffield VC (February 2001). "A spectrum of FOXC1 mutations suggests gene dosage as a mechanism for developmental defects of the anterior chamber of the eye". American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 364–72. doi:10.1086/318183. PMC 1235270. PMID 11170889.
• Wang WH, McNatt LG, Shepard AR, Jacobson N, Nishimura DY, Stone EM, Sheffield VC, Clark AF (April 2001). "Optimal procedure for extracting RNA from human ocular tissues and expression profiling of the congenital glaucoma gene FOXC1 using quantitative RT-PCR". Molecular Vision 7: 89–94. PMID 11320352.
• Kawase C, Kawase K, Taniguchi T, Sugiyama K, Yamamoto T, Kitazawa Y, Alward WL, Stone EM, Nishimura DY, Sheffield VC (December 2001). "Screening for mutations of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome caused by FOXC1 gene in Japanese patients". Journal of Glaucoma 10 (6): 477–82. doi:10.1097/00061198-200112000-00007. PMID 11740218.
• Dintilhac A, Bernués J (March 2002). "HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid sequences". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (9): 7021–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108417200. PMID 11748221.
• Berry FB, Saleem RA, Walter MA (March 2002). "FOXC1 transcriptional regulation is mediated by N- and C-terminal activation domains and contains a phosphorylated transcriptional inhibitory domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (12): 10292–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110266200. PMID 11782474.
• Borges AS, Susanna R, Carani JC, Betinjane AJ, Alward WL, Stone EM, Sheffield VC, Nishimura DY (February 2002). "Genetic analysis of PITX2 and FOXC1 in Rieger Syndrome patients from Brazil". Journal of Glaucoma 11 (1): 51–6. doi:10.1097/00061198-200202000-00010. PMID 11821690.
• Freyaldenhoven BS, Fried C, Wielckens K (July 2002). "FOXD4a and FOXD4b, two new winged helix transcription factors, are expressed in human leukemia cell lines". Gene 294 (1-2): 131–140. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00702-3. PMID 12234674.

External links

• FOXC1 protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.