Estrogen receptor beta

Estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)
PDB rendering based on 1hj1.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1L2J​, 1NDE​, 1QKM​, 1U3Q​, 1U3R​, 1U3S​, 1U9E​, 1X76​, 1X78​, 1X7B​, 1X7J​, 1YY4​, 1YYE​, 1ZAF​, 2FSZ​, 2GIU​, 2I0G​, 2JJ3​, 2NV7​, 2QTU​, 2YJD​, 2YLY​, 2Z4B​, 3OLL​, 3OLS​, 3OMO​, 3OMP​, 3OMQ​, 4J24​, 4J26​
Identifiers
Symbols	ESR2 ; ER-BETA; ESR-BETA; ESRB; ESTRB; Erb; NR3A2
External IDs	OMIM: 601663 MGI: 109392 HomoloGene: 1100 IUPHAR: 621 ChEMBL: 242 GeneCards: ESR2 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding • DNA binding • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • steroid hormone receptor activity • transcription coactivator activity • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding • steroid binding • protein binding • zinc ion binding • enzyme binding • estrogen receptor activity • estrogen response element binding • receptor antagonist activity Cellular component • extracellular region • nucleus • nucleoplasm • mitochondrion Biological process • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter • signal transduction • cell-cell signaling • gene expression • negative regulation of cell growth • intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway • steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2100	13983
Ensembl	ENSG00000140009	ENSMUSG00000021055
UniProt	Q92731	O08537
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001040275	NM_010157
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001035365	NP_034287
Location (UCSC)	Chr 14: 64.08 – 64.34 Mb	Chr 12: 76.12 – 76.18 Mb
PubMed search

Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.^[1] In humans, ER-β is encoded by the ESR2 gene.^[2]

Function

ER-β is a member of the family of estrogen receptors and the superfamily of nuclear receptor transcription factors. The gene product contains an N-terminal DNA binding domain and C-terminal ligand binding domain and is localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Upon binding to 17-β-estradiol, estriol or related ligands, the encoded protein forms homo-dimers or hetero-dimers with estrogen receptor α that interact with specific DNA sequences to activate transcription. Some isoforms dominantly inhibit the activity of other estrogen receptor family members. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been fully characterized.^[3]

ER-β may have anti-proliferative effects and therefore oppose the actions of ERα in reproductive tissue.^[4] ER-β may also have an important role in adaptive function of the lung during pregnancy.^[5]

ER-β is a potent tumor suppressor and plays a crucial role in many cancer types such as prostate cancer.^[6]

Tissue distribution

ER-β is expressed by many tissues including the uterus,^[7] blood monocytes and tissue macrophages, colonic and pulmonary epithelial cells and in prostatic epithelium and in malignant counterparts of these tissues. Also, ER-β is found throughout the brain at different concentrations in different neuron clusters.^[8][9]

ER-β abnormalities

ER-β function is related to various cardiovascular targets including ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-1). Polymorphism may affect ER-β function and lead to altered responses in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy.^[10]

Ligands

Agonists

Agonists of ER-β selective over ERα include:

• 3β-Androstanediol (3β-diol) – endogenous
• 8β-VE₂
• AC-186
• Apigenin – phytoestrogen^[11]
• Daidzein – phytoestrogen^[11]
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) – endogenous
• Diarylpropionitrile (DPN)
• ERB-196 (WAY-202196)
• FERb 033 – 62-fold selectivity for ER-β over ERα^[12]
• Genistein – phytoestrogen; 16-fold selectivity for ER-β over ERα^[11]
• Kaempferol – phytoestrogen^[11]
• Liquiritigenin (Menerba) – phytoestrogen^[11]
• Penduletin – phytoestrogen^[11]
• Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)
• S-Equol ((S)-4',7-isoflavandiol) – phytoestrogen; 13-fold selectivity for ER-β over ERα^[11]
• WAY-166818
• WAY-200070

Antagonists

Antagonists of ER-β selective over ERα include:

• PHTPP
• (R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene ((R,R)-THC) – not actually selective over ERα, but rather an agonist instead of antagonist of ERα

Interactions

Estrogen receptor beta has been shown to interact with:

• CCND1,^[13]
• ESR1^[14][15]
• MAD2L1,^[15]
• NCOA3,^[16][17]
• NCOA6,^[18][19]
• RBM39,^[20] and
• SRC.^[21][22]

References

1. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA (June 1996). "Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (12): 5925–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.12.5925. PMC 39164. PMID 8650195.
2. Mosselman S, Polman J, Dijkema R (August 1996). "ER beta: identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor". FEBS Lett. 392 (1): 49–53. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00782-X. PMID 8769313.
3. "Entrez Gene: ESR2 estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)".
4. Weihua Z, Saji S, Mäkinen S, Cheng G, Jensen EV, Warner M, Gustafsson JA (2000). "Estrogen receptor (ER) β, a modulator of ERα in the uterus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (11): 5936–41. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.11.5936. PMC 18537. PMID 10823946.
5. Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW, Germolec DR, Korach KS, Zeldin DC (2007). "The impact of sex and sex hormones on lung physiology and disease: lessons from animal studies". Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 293 (2): L272–8. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00174.2007. PMID 17575008.
6. Stettner M, Kaulfuss S, Burfeind P, Schweyer S, Strauss A, Ringert RH, Thelen P (2007). "The relevance of estrogen receptor-beta expression to the antiproliferative effects observed with histone deacetylase inhibitors and phytoestrogens in prostate cancer treatment". Mol Cancer Ther 5 (10): 2626–33. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0197. PMID 17913855.
7. Hapangama DK, Kamal AM, Bulmer JN (Mar 2015). "Estrogen receptor β: the guardian of the endometrium". Human Reproduction Update 21 (2): 174–193. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu053. PMID 25305176.
8. Couse JF, Lindzey J, Grandien K, Gustafsson JA, Korach KS (1997). "Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor-beta (ER-β) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERα-knockout mouse". Endocrinology 138 (11): 4613–21. doi:10.1210/en.138.11.4613. PMID 9348186.
9. Koehler KF, Helguero LA, Haldosén LA, Warner M, Gustafsson JA (2005). "Reflections on the discovery and significance of estrogen receptor β". Endocr. Rev. 26 (3): 465–78. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0027. PMID 15857973.
10. Darabi M, Ani M, Panjehpour M, Rabbani M, Movahedian A, Zarean E (January–February 2011). "Effect of estrogen receptor beta A1730G polymorphism on ABCA1 gene expression response to postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy". Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers 15 (1-2): 11–15. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2010.0106. PMID 21117950.
11. Hajirahimkhan A, Dietz BM, Bolton JL (May 2013). "Botanical modulation of menopausal symptoms: mechanisms of action?". Planta Medica 79 (7): 538–53. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1328187. PMID 23408273.
12. Minutolo F, Bertini S, Granchi C, Marchitiello T, Prota G, Rapposelli S, Tuccinardi T, Martinelli A, Gunther JR, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Macchia M (2009). "Structural evolutions of salicylaldoximes as selective agonists for estrogen receptor beta". J. Med. Chem. 52 (3): 858–67. doi:10.1021/jm801458t. PMID 19128016.
13. Nakamura Y, Felizola SJ, Kurotaki Y, Fujishima F, McNamara KM, Suzuki T, Arai Y, Sasano H (May 2013). "Cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression is involved in estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) in human prostate cancer". Prostate 173 (6): 590–5. doi:10.1002/pros.22599. PMID 23060014.
14. Ogawa S, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Hiroi H, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M (February 1998). "The complete primary structure of human estrogen receptor beta (hER beta) and its heterodimerization with ER alpha in vivo and in vitro". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243 (1): 122–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7893. PMID 9473491.
15. Poelzl G, Kasai Y, Mochizuki N, Shaul PW, Brown M, Mendelsohn ME (March 2000). "Specific association of estrogen receptor β with the cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint protein, MAD2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (6): 2836–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.050580997. PMC 16016. PMID 10706629.
16. Wong CW, Komm B, Cheskis BJ (June 2001). "Structure-function evaluation of ER alpha and beta interplay with SRC family coactivators. ER selective ligands". Biochemistry 40 (23): 6756–65. doi:10.1021/bi010379h. PMID 11389589.
17. Leo C, Li H, Chen JD (February 2000). "Differential mechanisms of nuclear receptor regulation by receptor-associated coactivator 3". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (8): 5976–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.8.5976. PMID 10681591.
18. Lee SK, Jung SY, Kim YS, Na SY, Lee YC, Lee JW (February 2001). "Two distinct nuclear receptor-interaction domains and CREB-binding protein-dependent transactivation function of activating signal cointegrator-2". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (2): 241–54. doi:10.1210/me.15.2.241. PMID 11158331.
19. Ko L, Cardona GR, Iwasaki T, Bramlett KS, Burris TP, Chin WW (January 2002). "Ser-884 adjacent to the LXXLL motif of coactivator TRBP defines selectivity for ERs and TRs". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (1): 128–40. doi:10.1210/mend.16.1.0755. PMID 11773444.
20. Jung DJ, Na SY, Na DS, Lee JW (January 2002). "Molecular cloning and characterization of CAPER, a novel coactivator of activating protein-1 and estrogen receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2): 1229–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110417200. PMID 11704680.
21. Migliaccio A, Castoria G, Di Domenico M, de Falco A, Bilancio A, Lombardi M, Barone MV, Ametrano D, Zannini MS, Abbondanza C, Auricchio F (October 2000). "Steroid-induced androgen receptor–oestradiol receptor β–Src complex triggers prostate cancer cell proliferation". EMBO J. 19 (20): 5406–17. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.20.5406. PMC 314017. PMID 11032808.
22. Slentz-Kesler K, Moore JT, Lombard M, Zhang J, Hollingsworth R, Weiner MP (October 2000). "Identification of the human Mnk2 gene (MKNK2) through protein interaction with estrogen receptor beta". Genomics 69 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6299. PMID 11013076.

Further reading

• Pettersson K, Gustafsson JA (2001). "Role of estrogen receptor beta in estrogen action". Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63: 165–92. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.165. PMID 11181953.
• Warner M, Saji S, Gustafsson JA (2004). "The normal and malignant mammary gland: a fresh look with ER beta onboard". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5 (3): 289–94. doi:10.1023/A:1009598828267. PMID 14973391.
• Saxon LK, Turner CH (2005). "Estrogen receptor beta: the antimechanostat?". Bone 36 (2): 185–92. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.08.003. PMID 15780944.
• Halachmi S, Marden E, Martin G, MacKay H, Abbondanza C, Brown M (1994). "Estrogen receptor-associated proteins: possible mediators of hormone-induced transcription". Science 264 (5164): 1455–8. doi:10.1126/science.8197458. PMID 8197458.
• Schwabe JW, Chapman L, Finch JT, Rhodes D (1993). "The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: how receptors discriminate between their response elements". Cell 75 (3): 567–78. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90390-C. PMID 8221895.
• Chen H, Lin RJ, Schiltz RL, Chakravarti D, Nash A, Nagy L, Privalsky ML, Nakatani Y, Evans RM (1997). "Nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is a novel histone acetyltransferase and forms a multimeric activation complex with P/CAF and CBP/p300". Cell 90 (3): 569–80. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80516-4. PMID 9267036.
• Pace P, Taylor J, Suntharalingam S, Coombes RC, Ali S (1997). "Human estrogen receptor beta binds DNA in a manner similar to and dimerizes with estrogen receptor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (41): 25832–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.41.25832. PMID 9325313.
• Brandenberger AW, Tee MK, Lee JY, Chao V, Jaffe RB (1997). "Tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha (ER-alpha) and beta (ER-beta) mRNA in the midgestational human fetus". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (10): 3509–12. doi:10.1210/jc.82.10.3509. PMID 9329394.
• Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Grandien K, Lagercrantz S, Lagercrantz J, Fried G, Nordenskjöld M, Gustafsson JA (1998). "Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (12): 4258–65. doi:10.1210/jc.82.12.4258. PMID 9398750.
• Vladusic EA, Hornby AE, Guerra-Vladusic FK, Lupu R (1998). "Expression of estrogen receptor beta messenger RNA variant in breast cancer". Cancer Res. 58 (2): 210–4. PMID 9443393.
• Ogawa S, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Hiroi H, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M (1998). "The complete primary structure of human estrogen receptor beta (hER beta) and its heterodimerization with ER alpha in vivo and in vitro". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243 (1): 122–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7893. PMID 9473491.
• Alves SE, Lopez V, McEwen BS, Weiland NG (1998). "Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor β (ER-β) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: An immunocytochemical study". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (6): 3281–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3281. PMC 19733. PMID 9501254.
• Brandenberger AW, Tee MK, Jaffe RB (1998). "Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) and beta (ER-beta) mRNAs in normal ovary, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer cell lines: down-regulation of ER-beta in neoplastic tissues". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (3): 1025–8. doi:10.1210/jc.83.3.1025. PMID 9506768.
• Moore JT, McKee DD, Slentz-Kesler K, Moore LB, Jones SA, Horne EL, Su JL, Kliewer SA, Lehmann JM, Willson TM (1998). "Cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor beta isoforms". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247 (1): 75–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8738. PMID 9636657.
• Ogawa S, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M (1998). "Molecular cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor betacx: a potential inhibitor ofestrogen action in human". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (15): 3505–12. doi:10.1093/nar/26.15.3505. PMC 147730. PMID 9671811.
• Lu B, Leygue E, Dotzlaw H, Murphy LJ, Murphy LC, Watson PH (1998). "Estrogen receptor-beta mRNA variants in human and murine tissues". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 138 (1–2): 199–203. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(98)00050-1. PMID 9685228.
• Seol W, Hanstein B, Brown M, Moore DD (1998). "Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by the orphan receptor SHP (short heterodimer partner)". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (10): 1551–7. doi:10.1210/me.12.10.1551. PMID 9773978.
• Hanstein B, Liu H, Yancisin MC, Brown M (1999). "Functional analysis of a novel estrogen receptor-beta isoform". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (1): 129–37. doi:10.1210/me.13.1.129. PMID 9892018.
• Vidal O, Kindblom LG, Ohlsson C (1999). "Expression and localization of estrogen receptor-beta in murine and human bone". J. Bone Miner. Res. 14 (6): 923–9. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.6.923. PMID 10352100.

External links

• Estrogen Receptor beta at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.